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09-SEPTEMBER-2008 19:33:10 - Calorie Redirected from Calories This article is about the unit of energy. For its use in nutrition and food labelling regulations, see the article on food energy. The calorie is a pre-SI unit of energy, in particular heat.1 In most fields, its use is archaic, and the SI unit of energy, the joule, has become accepted. However, it remains in common use as a unit of food energy. It was first defined by Professor Nicolas Clément in 1824 as a kilogram-calorie, and this definition entered French and English dictionaries between 1841 and 1867. Etymology: French calorie, from Latin calor heat. The unit calorie has historically been used in two major alternate definitions that differ by a factor of 1000: The small calorie, gram calorie, or calorie symbol: cal is the amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of one gram of water by 1 °C. The large calorie, kilogram calorie, kilocalorie symbol: kcal, or Calorie capital C is the amount of heat energy needed to increase the temperature of one kg of water by 1 °C, exactly 1000 small calories, or about 4.184 kJ. The second form is the one commonly used to express food energy, e.g. when discusing dieting or nutrition plans. Its most common name is calorie; kilocalorie is sometimes used. It is more commonly spelled with the symbol kcal than in the spelled out form. While it should properly be written with a capital C, it rarely is, which often leads to confusion that can be altogether avoided when the proper SI unit Joules or kiloJoules is used. Apart from these two major alternate definitions, there exist also minor variants of the definition of this unit, which differ in the exact experimental conditions used, most notably the start temperature of the water see section below. The factors used to convert measurements in calories to their equivalents in joules are numerically equivalent to expressions of the specific heat capacity of water in SI units. See Versions below for an explanation of the units. 1 calIT = 4.1868 J 1 J = 0.23885 calIT International Steam Table calorie, 1956 1 calth = 4.184 J 1 J = 0.23901 calth Thermochemical calorie 1 cal15 = 4.18580 J 1 J = 0.23890 cal15 15°C calorie Versions The energy needed to increase the temperature of a gram of water by 1 degree Celsius depends on the starting temperature and is difficult to measure precisely. Accordingly, there have been several definitions of the calorie: Thermochemical calorie calth: 4.184 J exactly.1 15 °C calorie cal15: the amount of energy required to warm 1 g of air-free water from 14.5 °C to 15.5 °C at a constant pressure of 101.325 kPa 1 atm. Experimental values of this calorie ranged from 4.1852 J to 4.1858 J. The CIPM in 1950 published a mean experimental value of 4.1855 J, noting an uncertainty of 0.0005 J.1 20 °C calorie: the amount of energy required to warm 1 g of air-free water from 19.5 °C to 20.5 °C at a constant pressure of 101.325 kPa 1 atm. This is about 4.182 J. 4 °C calorie: the amount of energy required to warm 1 g of air-free water from 3.5 °C to 4.5 °C at a constant pressure of 101.325 kPa 1 atm. Mean calorie: 1/100 of the amount of energy required to warm 1 g of air-free water from 0 °C to 100 °C at a constant pressure of 101.325 kPa 1 atm. This is about 4.190 J International Steam Table Calorie 1929: 1/860 W h = 180/43 J exactly. This is approximately 4.1868 J. International Steam Table Calorie 1956 calIT: 1.163 mW h = 4.1868 J exactly. This definition was adopted by the Fifth International Conference on Properties of Steam London, July 1956.1 IUNS calorie: 4.182 J exactly. This is a ratio adopted by the Committee on Nomenclature of the International Union of Nutritional Sciences.2 The two perhaps most popular definitions used in older literature are the 15 °C calorie and the thermochemical calorie. Since the many different definitions are a source of confusion and error, all calories are now deprecated in favour of the SI unit for heat and energy: the joule J. Usage of the calorie units continues because of familiarity and habit, a situation akin to the common usage of engine horsepower instead of kiloWatts. References ^ a b c d International Standard ISO 31-4: Quantities and units - Part 4: Heat. Annex B informative: Other units given for information, especially regarding the conversion factor. International Organization for Standardization, 1992. ^ FAO 1971. The adoption of joules as units of energy. While the nutritional calorie has not been defined, basically it is the thermochemical calorie. The standards used in calorimetric work in nutrition is ultimately the heat of combustion of an internationally graded standard benzoic acid. This is primarily expressed as joules per gramme mole and secondarily as thermochemical calories per mole derived by dividing by 4.182, a factor which has been approved by the Committee on Nomenclature of the IUNS. See also Energy expenditure Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Calorie Categories: Units of energy Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages العربية БеларуÑ?каÑ? тарашкевіца Bosanski БългарÑ?ки Català Česky Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Ù?ارسی Français Galego í•œêµì–´ Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 ‪Norsk bokmÃ¥l‬ Polski Português Română РуÑ?Ñ?кий Simple English SlovenÅ¡Ä?ina СрпÑ?ки / Srpski Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska ไทย Tiếng Việt Türkçe УкраїнÑ?ька ייִדיש ä¸æ–‡ This page was last modified on 29 August 2008, at 12:11
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