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09-SEPTEMBER-2008 19:33:10 - Fruit For other uses, see Fruit disambiguation. Fruit and vegetable output in 2004 Fruit and vegetable output in 2004 The term fruit has many different meanings depending on context. In botany, a fruit is the ripened ovary-together with seeds-of a flowering plant. In many species, the fruit incorporates the ripened ovary and the surrounding tissues. Fruits are the means by which flowering plants disseminate seeds.1 In cuisine, when food items are called fruit, the term is most often used for those plant fruits that are edible and sweet and fleshy, examples of which include plums, apples and oranges. But in cooking, the word fruit may also rarely be loosely applied to other parts of a plant, such as the stems of rhubarb, which are made into sweet pies, but which are not botanically a fruit at all. Although the word fruit has limited use in cooking, in reality a great many common vegetables, as well as nuts and grains, are botanically speaking, the fruits of various plant species.2 No single terminology really fits the enormous variety that is found among plant fruits.3 The cuisine terminology for fruits is quite inexact and is likely to remain so. The term false fruit pseudocarp, accessory fruit is sometimes applied to a fruit like the fig a multiple-accessory fruit; see below or to a plant structure that resembles a fruit but is not derived from a flower or flowers. Some gymnosperms, such as yew, have fleshy arils that resemble fruits and some junipers have berry-like, fleshy cones. The term fruit has also been inaccurately applied to the seed-containing female cones of many conifers.4 With most cultivated fruits, pollination is a vital part of fruit culture, and the lack of knowledge of pollinators and pollenizers can contribute to poor crops or poor quality crops. In a few species, the fruit may develop in the absence of pollination/fertilization, a process known as parthenocarpy.5 Such fruits are seedless. A plant that does not produce fruit is known as acarpous, meaning without fruit.6 Contents 1 Botanic fruit and culinary fruit 2 Fruit development 2.1 Simple fruit 2.2 Aggregate fruit 2.3 Multiple fruit 2.4 Fruit chart 3 Seedless fruits 4 Seed dissemination 5 Uses 5.1 Nutritional value 5.2 Nonfood uses 6 Production 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Botanic fruit and culinary fruit Venn diagram representing the relationship between culinary vegetables and botanical fruits. Some vegetables fall into both categories. Venn diagram representing the relationship between culinary vegetables and botanical fruits. Some vegetables fall into both categories. Many foods are botanically fruit, but are treated as vegetables in cooking and food preparation. These include cucurbits e.g., squash, pumpkin, and cucumber, tomato, peas, beans, corn, eggplant, and sweet pepper, spices, such as allspice and chillies.2 Occasionally, though rarely, a culinary fruit is not a true fruit in the botanical sense. For example, rhubarb is often referred to as a fruit, because it is used to make sweet desserts such as pies, though only the petiole of the rhubarb plant is edible.7 In the culinary sense, a fruit is usually any sweet tasting plant product associated with seeds, a vegetable is any savoury or less sweet plant product, and a nut any hard, oily, and shelled plant product.8 Although a nut is a type of fruit, it is also a popular term for edible seeds, such as peanuts which are actually a legume and pistachios.9 Technically, a cereal grain is a fruit termed a caryopsis. However, the fruit wall is very thin and fused to the seed coat so almost all of the edible grain is actually a seed. Therefore, cereal grains, such as corn, wheat and rice are better considered edible seeds, although some references list them as fruits.10 Edible gymnosperms seeds are often misleadingly given fruit names, e.g. pine nuts, ginkgo nuts, and juniper berries. Fruit development The development sequence of a typical drupe, the nectarine Prunus persica over a 7½ month period, from bud formation in early winter to fruit ripening in midsummer see image page for further information The development sequence of a typical drupe, the nectarine Prunus persica over a 7½ month period, from bud formation in early winter to fruit ripening in midsummer see image page for further information Main article: Fruit anatomy A fruit is a ripened ovary. Inside the ovary is the ovule egg. The ovule is fertilized in a process known as pollination. After the fertilization process, the ovary begins to ripen. The ovule develops into a seed and the ovary wall, the pericarp, may become fleshy as in berries or drupes, or form a hard outer covering as in nuts. In some cases, the sepals, petals and/or stamens and style of the flower fall off. Fruit development continues until the seeds have matured. In some multiseeded fruits, the extent to which the flesh develops is proportional to the number of fertilized ovules.11 The wall of the fruit, developed from the ovary wall of the flower, is called the pericarp. The pericarp is often differentiated into two or three distinct layers called the exocarp outer layer - also called epicarp, mesocarp middle layer, and endocarp inner layer. In some fruits, especially simple fruits derived from an inferior ovary, other parts of the flower such as the floral tube, including the petals, sepals, and stamens, fuse with the ovary and ripen with it. The plant hormone ethylene causes ripening. When such other floral parts are a significant part of the fruit, it is called an accessory fruit. Since other parts of the flower may contribute to the structure of the fruit, it is important to study flower structure to understand how a particular fruit forms.4 Fruits are so diverse that it is difficult to devise a classification scheme that includes all known fruits. Many common terms for seeds and fruit are incorrectly applied, a fact that complicates understanding of the terminology. Seeds are ripened ovules; fruits are the ripened ovaries or carpels that contain the seeds. To these two basic definitions can be added the clarification that in botanical terminology, a nut is not a type of fruit and not another term for seed, on the contrary to common terminology.2 There are three basic types of fruits: Simple fruit Aggregate fruit Multiple fruit Simple fruit Epigynous berries are simple fleshy fruit. From top right: cranberries, lingonberries, blueberries red huckleberries Epigynous berries are simple fleshy fruit. From top right: cranberries, lingonberries, blueberries red huckleberries Simple fruits can be either dry or fleshy, and result from the ripening of a simple or compound ovary with only one pistil. Dry fruits may be either dehiscent opening to discharge seeds, or indehiscent not opening to discharge seeds.12 Types of dry, simple fruits, with examples of each, are: achene - buttercup capsule - Brazil nut caryopsis - wheat fibrous drupe - coconut, walnut follicle - milkweed legume - pea, bean, peanut loment nut - hazelnut, beech, oak acorn samara - elm, ash, maple key schizocarp - carrot silique - radish silicle - shepherd's purse utricle - beet Fruits in which part or all of the pericarp fruit wall is fleshy at maturity are simple fleshy fruits. Types of fleshy, simple fruits with examples are: berry - redcurrant, gooseberry, tomato, avocado stone fruit or drupe plum, cherry, peach, apricot, olive false berry - Epigynous accessory fruits banana, cranberry pome - accessory fruits apple, pear, rosehip Aggregate fruit Dewberry flowers. Note the multiple pistils, each of which will produce a drupelet. Each flower will become a blackberry-like aggregate fruit Dewberry flowers. Note the multiple pistils, each of which will produce a drupelet. Each flower will become a blackberry-like aggregate fruit Main article: Aggregate fruit An aggregate fruit, or etaerio, develops from a flower with numerous simple pistils.13 An example is the raspberry, whose simple fruits are termed drupelets because each is like a small drupe attached to the receptacle. In some bramble fruits such as blackberry the receptacle is elongated and part of the ripe fruit, making the blackberry an aggregate-accessory fruit.14 The strawberry is also an aggregate-accessory fruit, only one in which the seeds are contained in achenes.15 In all these examples, the fruit develops from a single flower with numerous pistils. Some kinds of aggregate fruits are called berries, yet in the botanical sense they are not. Multiple fruit Main article: Multiple fruit A multiple fruit is one formed from a cluster of flowers called an inflorescence. Each flower produces a fruit, but these mature into a single mass.16 Examples are the pineapple, edible fig, mulberry, osage-orange, and breadfruit. In some plants, such as this noni, flowers are produced regularly along the stem and it is possible to see together examples of flowering, fruit development, and fruit ripening In some plants, such as this noni, flowers are produced regularly along the stem and it is possible to see together examples of flowering, fruit development, and fruit ripening In the photograph on the right, stages of flowering and fruit development in the noni or Indian mulberry Morinda citrifolia can be observed on a single branch. First an inflorescence of white flowers called a head is produced. After fertilization, each flower develops into a drupe, and as the drupes expand, they become connate merge into a multiple fleshy fruit called a syncarpet.17 There are also many dry multiple fruits, e.g. Tuliptree, multiple of samaras. Sweet gum, multiple of capsules. Sycamore and teasel, multiple of achenes. Magnolia, multiple of follicles. Fruit chart To summarize common types of fruit: Berry -- simple fruit and seeds created from a single ovary Pepo -- Berries where the skin is hardened, like cucurbits Hesperidium -- Berries with a rind, like most citrus fruit False berries -- Epigynous fruit made from a part of the plant other than a single ovary Compound fruit, which includes: Aggregate fruit -- multiple fruits with seeds from different ovaries of a single flower Multiple fruit -- fruits of separate flowers, packed closely together Other accessory fruit -- where the edible part is not generated by the ovary Types of fruit True berry Pepo Hesperidium False berry Epigynous Aggregate fruit Multiple fruit Other accessory fruit Blackcurrant, Redcurrant, Gooseberry, Tomato, Eggplant, Guava, Lucuma, Chili pepper, Pomegranate, Avocado, Kiwifruit, Grape, Pumpkin, Gourd, Cucumber, Melon Orange, Lemon, Lime, Grapefruit Banana, Cranberry, Blueberry Blackberry, Raspberry, Boysenberry, Hedge apple Pineapple, Fig, Mulberry Apple, Apricot, Peach, Cherry, Green bean, Sunflower seed, Strawberry Seedless fruits An arrangement of fruits commonly thought of as vegetables, including tomatoes and various squash An arrangement of fruits commonly thought of as vegetables, including tomatoes and various squash Seedlessness is an important feature of some fruits of commerce. Commercial cultivars of bananas and pineapples are examples of seedless fruits. Some cultivars of citrus fruits especially navel oranges and mandarin oranges, table grapes, grapefruit, and watermelons are valued for their seedlessness. In some species, seedlessness is the result of parthenocarpy, where fruits set without fertilization. Parthenocarpic fruit set may or may not require pollination. Most seedless citrus fruits require a pollination stimulus; bananas and pineapples do not. Seedlessness in table grapes results from the abortion of the embryonic plant that is produced by fertilization, a phenomenon known as stenospermocarpy which requires normal pollination and fertilization.5 Seed dissemination Variations in fruit structures largely depend on the mode of dispersal of the seeds they contain. This dispersal can be achieved by animals, wind, water, or explosive dehiscence.18 Some fruits have coats covered with spikes or hooked burrs, either to prevent themselves from being eaten by animals or to stick to the hairs, feathers or legs of animals, using them as dispersal agents. Examples include cocklebur and unicorn plant.1920 The sweet flesh of many fruits is deliberately appealing to animals, so that the seeds held within are eaten and unwittingly carried away and deposited at a distance from the parent. Likewise, the nutritious, oily kernels of nuts are appealing to rodents such as squirrels who hoard them in the soil in order to avoid starving during the winter, thus giving those seeds that remain uneaten the chance to germinate and grow into a new plant away from their parent.2 Other fruits are elongated and flattened out naturally and so become thin, like wings or helicopter blades, e.g. maple, tuliptree and elm. This is an evolutionary mechanism to increase dispersal distance away from the parent via wind. Other wind-dispersed fruit have tiny parachutes, e.g. dandelion and salsify.18 Coconut fruits can float thousands of miles in the ocean to spread seeds. Some other fruits that can disperse via water are nipa palm and screw pine.18 Some fruits fling seeds substantial distances up to 100 m in sandbox tree via explosive dehiscence or other mechanisms, e.g. impatiens and squirting cucumber.21 Uses Nectarines are one of many fruits that can be easily stewed Nectarines are one of many fruits that can be easily stewed Many hundreds of fruits, including fleshy fruits like apple, peach, pear, kiwifruit, watermelon and mango are commercially valuable as human food, eaten both fresh and as jams, marmalade and other preserves. Fruits are also in manufactured foods like cookies, muffins, yoghurt, ice cream, cakes, and many more. Many fruits are used to make beverages, such as fruit juices orange juice, apple juice, grape juice, etc or alcoholic beverages, such as wine or brandy.22 Apples are often used to make vinegar. Many vegetables are botanical fruits, including tomato, bell pepper, eggplant, okra, squash, pumpkin, green bean, cucumber and zucchini.23 Olive fruit is pressed for olive oil. Spices like vanilla, paprika, allspice and black pepper are derived from berries.24 Nutritional value Fruits are generally high in fiber, water and vitamin C. Fruits also contain various phytochemicals that do not yet have an RDA/RDI listing under most nutritional factsheets, and which research indicates are required for proper long-term cellular health and disease prevention.25 Regular consumption of fruit is associated with reduced risks of cancer, cardiovascular disease, stroke, Alzheimer disease, cataracts, and some of the functional declines associated with aging.26 Nonfood uses Because fruits have been such a major part of the human diet, different cultures have developed many different uses for various fruits that they do not depend on as being edible. Many dry fruits are used as decorations or in dried flower arrangements, such as unicorn plant, lotus, wheat, annual honesty and milkweed. Ornamental trees and shrubs are often cultivated for their colorful fruits, including holly, pyracantha, viburnum, skimmia, beautyberry and cotoneaster.27 Fruits of opium poppy are the source of the drugs opium and morphine.28 Osage orange fruits are used to repel cockroaches.29 Bayberry fruits provide a wax often used to make candles.30 Many fruits provide natural dyes, e.g. walnut, sumac, cherry and mulberry.31 Dried gourds are used as decorations, water jugs, bird houses, musical instruments, cups and dishes. Pumpkins are carved into Jack-o'-lanterns for Halloween. The spiny fruit of burdock or cocklebur were the inspiration for the invention of Velcro.32 Coir is a fibre from the fruit of coconut that is used for doormats, brushes, mattresses, floortiles, sacking, insulation and as a growing medium for container plants. The shell of the coconut fruit is used to make souvenir heads, cups, bowls, musical instruments and bird houses.33 Production India is world leader in fresh fruit production followed by Vietnam and then China. Top Ten Fresh Fruit Producers - 2005 Country Production Int $1000 Footnote Production MT Footnote Flag of India India 1,052,766 C 6,600,000 F Flag of Vietnam Vietnam 438,652 C 2,750,000 F Flag of the People's Republic of China People's Republic of China 271,167 C 1,790,000 F Flag of Indonesia Indonesia 255,216 C 1,600,000 F Flag of Nigeria Nigeria 223,314 C 1,400,000 F Flag of Iran Iran 223,314 C 1,400,000 F Flag of Burma Myanmar 183,436 C 1,150,000 F Flag of Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea 129,203 C 810,000 F Flag of Nepal Nepal 82,945 C 520,000 F Flag of North Korea Democratic People's Republic of Korea 78,160 C 490,000 F No symbol = official figure,F = FAO estimate, = Unofficial figure, C = Calculated figure; Production in Int $1000 have been calculated based on 1999-2001 international prices Source: Food and Agricultural Organization of United Nations: Economic and Social Department: The Statistical Division Philippines is world leader in tropical fresh fruit production followed by Indonesia and then India. Top Ten Tropical Fresh Fruit Producers - 2005 Country Production Int $1000 Footnote Production MT Footnote Flag of the Philippines Philippines 389,164 C 3,400,000 F Flag of Indonesia Indonesia 377,718 C 3,300,000 F Flag of India India 335,368 C 2,930,000 F Flag of the People's Republic of China People's Republic of China 177,413 C 2,164,000 F Flag of Colombia Colombia 131,629 C 1,150,000 F Flag of Thailand Thailand 83,556 C 730,000 F Flag of Pakistan Pakistan 60,893 C 532,000 F Flag of Brazil Brazil 55,513 C 485,000 F Flag of Bangladesh Bangladesh 31,934 C 279,000 F Flag of Mexico Mexico 28,615 C 250,000 F No symbol = official figure, F = FAO estimate, = Unofficial figure, C = Calculated figure; Production in Int $1000 have been calculated based on 1999-2001 international prices Source: and Agricultural Organization of United Nations: Economic and Social Department: The Statistical Division See also List of culinary fruits Fruit trees Tutti frutti Fruitarianism References ^ Lewis, Robert A. January 1, 2002. CRC Dictionary of Agricultural Sciences. CRC Press, pp. 375-376. ISBN 0-8493-2327-4. ^ a b c d McGee, Harold November 16, 2004. On Food and Cooking: The Science and Lore of the Kitchen. Simon and Schuster, pp. 247-248. ISBN 0-684-80001-2. ^ Schlegel, Rolf H J January 1, 2003. Encyclopedic Dictionary of Plant Breeding and Related Subjects. Haworth Press, p. 177. ISBN 1-56022-950-0. ^ a b Mauseth, James D. April 1, 2003. Botany: An Introduction to Plant Biology. Jones and Bartlett, pp. 271-272. ISBN 0-7637-2134-4. ^ a b Spiegel-Roy, P.; E. E. Goldschmidt August 28, 1996. The Biology of Citrus. Cambridge University Press, pp. 87-88. ISBN 0-521-33321-0. ^ Schlegel. Encyclopedic Dictionary, p. 5. ^ McGee. On Food and Cooking, p. 367. ^ For a Supreme Court of the United States ruling on the matter, see Nix v. Hedden. ^ McGee. On Food and Cooking, p. 501. ^ Lewis. CRC Dictionary of Agricultural Sciences, p. 238. ^ Mauseth. Botany, Chapter 9: Flowers and Reproduction. ^ Schlegel. Encyclopedic Dictionary, p. 123. ^ Schlegel. Encyclopedic Dictionary, p. 16. ^ McGee. On Food and Cooking, pp. 361-362. ^ McGee. On Food and Cooking, pp. 364-365. ^ Schlegel. Encyclopedic Dictionary, p. 282. ^ Parker, Philip M. December 1, 2004. Morinda Citrifolia - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References. ICON Group. ISBN 0-497-00758-4. ^ a b c Capon, Brian February 25, 2005. Botany for Gardeners. Timber Press, pp. 198-199. ISBN 0-88192-655-8. ^ Heiser, Charles B. April 1, 2003. Weeds in My Garden: Observations on Some Misunderstood Plants. Timber Press, pp. 93-95. ISBN 0-88192-562-4. ^ Heiser. Weeds in My Garden, pp. 162-164. ^ Feldkamp, Susan 2002. Modern Biology. Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, pp. 634. ISBN 0-88192-562-4. ^ McGee. On Food and Cooking, Chapter 7: A Survey of Common Fruits. ^ McGee. On Food and Cooking, Chapter 6: A Survey of Common Vegetables. ^ Farrell, Kenneth T. November 1, 1999. Spices, Condiments and Seasonings. Springer, pp. 17-19. ISBN 0-8342-1337-0. ^ phytochemicals news and articles ^ Health benefits of fruit and vegetables are from additive and synergistic combinations of phytochemicals - Liu 78 3: 517S - American Journal of Clinical Nutrition ^ Adams, Denise Wiles February 1, 2004. Restoring American Gardens: An Encyclopedia of Heirloom Ornamental Plants, 1640-1940. Timber Press. ISBN 0-88192-619-1. ^ Booth, Martin June 12, 1999. Opium: A History. St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0-312-20667-4. ^ Cothran, James R. November 1, 2003. Gardens and Historic Plants of the Antebellum South. University of South Carolina Press, pp. 221. ISBN 1-57003-501-6. ^ K, Amber December 1, 2001. Candlemas: Feast of Flames. Llewellyn Worldwide, pp. 155. ISBN 0-7387-0079-7. ^ Adrosko, Rita J. June 1, 1971. Natural Dyes and Home Dyeing: A Practical Guide with over 150 Recipes. Courier Dover Publications. ISBN 0-486-22688-3. ^ Wake, Warren March 13, 2000. Design Paradigms: A Sourcebook for Creative Visualization. John Wiley and Sons, pp. 162-163. ISBN. ^ The Many Uses of the Coconut. The Coconut Museum. Retrieved on 2006-09-14. External links Look up Fruit in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Fruit Wikibooks Wikibooks Cookbook has an article on Fruit Images of fruit development from flowers at bioimages.vanderbilt.edu Fruit and seed dispersal images at bioimages.vanderbilt.edu Fruit Facts from California Rare Fruit Growers, Inc. Encyclopedia Britannica 1911 on Fruit v d e Types of fruits Berries · False berries · Hesperidia · Drupes · Pomes · Compound fruits · Multiple fruits · Accessory fruit v d e Botany Subdisciplines of botany Ethnobotany · Paleobotany · Plant anatomy · Plant ecology · Plant evo-devo · Plant morphology · Plant physiology Plants Evolutionary history of plants · Algae · Bryophyte · Pteridophyte · Gymnosperm · Angiosperm Plant parts Flower · Fruit · Leaf · Meristem · Root · Stem · Stoma · Vascular tissue · Wood Plant cells Cell wall · Chlorophyll · Chloroplast · Photosynthesis · Plant hormone · Plastid · Transpiration Plant life cycles Gametophyte · Plant sexuality · Pollen · Pollination · Seed · Spore · Sporophyte Plant taxonomy Botanical name · Botanical nomenclature · Herbarium · IAPT · ICBN · Species Plantarum Category · Portal Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Fruit Categories: Fruit | Plant morphology | Pollination | Snack foods | Vegan snacks | Vegan cuisine | Vegetarian cuisine Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages العربية Aragonés Avañe'ẽ Aymar Bân-lâm-gú Bosanski БългарÑ?ки Català Česky Chamoru Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Ù?ارسی Français í•œêµì–´ हिनà¥?दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Ã?slenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Latina LatvieÅ¡u Lietuvių Magyar Malagasy मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Nnapulitano ‪Norsk bokmÃ¥l‬ ‪Norsk nynorsk‬ Nouormand Polski Português Română Runa Simi РуÑ?Ñ?кий Sámegiella Shqip Sicilianu Simple English SlovenÅ¡Ä?ina СрпÑ?ки / Srpski Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழà¯? ไทย Tsetsêhestâhese Türkçe УкраїнÑ?ька ייִדיש 粵語 ŽemaitÄ—Å¡ka ä¸æ–‡ This page was last modified on 28 August 2008, at 20:02
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