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09-SEPTEMBER-2008 19:33:10 - Gastrointestinal tract Redirected from Gastrointestinal Gut and Guts redirect here. For Gut, see Gut disambiguation. Entrails redirects here. For reading entrails, see Extispicy. Salivary glands Parotid gland Submandibular gland Sublingual gland Pharynx Tongue Esophagus Pancreas Pancreatic duct Stomach Ileum Anus Rectum Vermiform appendix Cecum Descending colon Ascending colon Transverse colon Bile duct Duodenum Gallbladder Liver Oral cavity Upper and Lower gastrointestinal tract Upper and Lower gastrointestinal tract The digestive tract also known as the alimentary canal is the system of organs within multicellular animals that takes in food, digests it to extract energy and nutrients, and expels the remaining waste. The major functions of the GI tract are ingestion, digestion, absorption, and defecation. The picture to the right doesn't show the Jejunum. The GI tract differs substantially from animal to animal. Some animals have multi-chambered stomachs, while some animals' stomachs contain a single chamber. In a normal human adult male, the GI tract is approximately 6.5 meters 20 feet long and consists of the upper and lower GI tracts. The tract may also be divided into foregut, midgut, and hindgut, reflecting the embryological origin of each segment of the tract.1 Contents 1 Upper gastrointestinal tract 2 Lower gastrointestinal tract 3 Accessory organs 4 Embryology 5 Physiology 5.1 Specialization of organs 6 Pathology 7 Immune function 8 Histology 8.1 Mucosa 8.2 Submucosa 8.3 Muscularis externa 8.4 Adventitia 9 Uses of animal gut by humans 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 13 External links Upper gastrointestinal tract The upper GI tract consists of the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, and stomach. The mouth contains the buccal mucosa, which contains the openings of the salivary glands; the tongue; and the tooth. Behind the mouth lies the pharynx, which leads to a hollow muscular tube, the esophagus. Peristalsis takes place, which is the contraction of muscles to propel the food down the esophagus which extends through the chest and pierces the diaphragm to reach the stomach. Lower gastrointestinal tract The lower GI tract comprises the intestines and anus. Bowel or intestine Small intestine, which has three parts: Duodenum Jejunum Ileum Large intestine, which has three parts: Cecum the vermiform appendix is attached to the cecum. Colon ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon and sigmoid flexure Rectum Anus Accessory organs Accessory organs to the alimentary canal include the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas. The liver secretes bile into the small intestine via the biliary system, employing the gallbladder as a reservoir. Apart from storing and concentrating bile, the gallbladder has no other specific function. The pancreas secretes an isosmotic fluid containing bicarbonate and several enzymes, including trypsin, chymotrypsin, lipase, and pancreatic amylase, as well as nucleolytic enzymes deoxyribonuclease and ribonuclease, into the small intestine. Both of these secretory organs aid in digestion. Embryology The gut is an endoderm-derived structure. At approximately the 16th day of human development, the embryo begins to fold ventrally with the embryo's ventral surface becoming concave in two directions: the sides of the embryo fold in on each other and the head and tail fold towards one another. The result is that a piece of the yolk sac, an endoderm-lined structure in contact with the ventral aspect of the embryo, begins to be pinched off to become the primitive gut. The yolk sac remains connected to the gut tube via the vitelline duct. Usually this structure regresses during development; in cases where it does not, it is known as Meckel's diverticulum. During fetal life, the primitive gut can be divided into three segments: foregut, midgut, and hindgut. Although these terms are often used in reference to segments of the primitive gut, they are nevertheless used regularly to describe components of the definitive gut as well. Each segment of the primitive gut gives rise to specific gut and gut-related structures in the adult. Components derived from the gut proper, including the stomach and colon, develop as swellings or dilatations of the primitive gut. In contrast, gut-related derivatives-that is, those structures that derive from the primitive gut but are not part of the gut proper-in general develop as outpouchings of the primitive gut. The blood vessels supplying these structures remain constant throughout development.2 part age in adult Gives rise to Arterial supply foregut the pharynx, to the upper duodenum pharynx, esophagus, stomach, upper duodenum, respiratory tract including the lungs, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas branches of the celiac artery midgut lower duodenum, to the first two-thirds of the transverse colon lower duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, appendix, ascending colon, and first two-thirds of the transverse colon branches of the superior mesenteric artery hindgut last third of the transverse colon, to the upper part of the anal canal last third of the transverse colon, descending colon, rectum, and upper part of the anal canal branches of the inferior mesenteric artery Physiology Specialization of organs Four organs are subject to specialization in the kingdom Animalia. The first organ is the tongue which is only present in the phylum Chordata. The second organ is the esophagus. The crop is an enlargement of the esophagus in birds, insects and other invertebrates that is used to store food temporarily. The third organ is the stomach. In addition to a glandular stomach proventriculus, birds have a muscular stomach called the ventriculus or gizzard. The gizzard is used to mechanically grind up food. The fourth organ is the large intestine. An outpouching of the large intestine called the cecum is present in non-ruminant herbivores such as rabbits. It aids in digestion of plant material such as cellulose Pathology There are a number of diseases and conditions affecting the gastrointestinal system, including: Colorectal cancer Diverticulitis Gastroenteritis, also known as stomach flu;an inflammation of the stomach and intestines Giardiasis Inflammatory bowel disease Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis Irritable bowel syndrome Pancreatitis Immune function The gastrointestinal tract is also a prominent part of the immune system.3 The low pH ranging from 1 to 4 of the stomach is fatal for many microorganisms that enter it. Similarly, mucus containing IgA antibodies neutralizes many of these microorganisms. Other factors in the GI tract help with immune function as well, including enzymes in the saliva and bile. Enzymes such as Cyp3A4, along with the antiporter activities, are also instrumental in the intestine's role of detoxification of antigens and xenobiotics, such as drugs, involved in first pass metabolism. Health-enhancing intestinal bacteria serve to prevent the overgrowth of potentially harmful bacteria in the gut. Microorganisms are also kept at bay by an extensive immune system comprising the gut-associated lymphoid tissue GALT. Histology General structure of the gut wall. General structure of the gut wall. The gastrointestinal tract has a uniform general histology with some differences which reflect the specialization in functional anatomy.4 The GI tract can be divided into 4 concentric layers: Mucosa Submucosa Muscularis externa the external muscle layer Adventitia or serosa Mucosa The mucosa is the innermost layer of the gastrointestinal tract that is surrounding the lumen, or space within the tube. This layer comes in direct contact with the food or bolus, and is responsible for absorption and secretion, important processes in digestion. The mucosa can be divided into: Epithelium Lamina propria Muscularis mucosae The mucosae are highly specialized in each organ of the gastrointestinal tract, facing a low pH in the stomach, absorbing a multitude of different substances in the small intestine, and also absorbing specific quantities of water in the large intestine. Reflecting the varying needs of these organs, the structure of the mucosa can consist of invaginations of secretory glands e.g., gastric pits, or it can be folded in order to increase surface area examples include villi and plicae circulares. Submucosa The submucosa consists of a dense irregular layer of connective tissue with large blood vessels, lymphatics and nerves branching into the mucosa and muscularis. It contains Meissner's plexus, an enteric nervous plexus, situated on the inner surface of the muscularis externa. Muscularis externa The muscularis externa consists of an inner circular layer and a longitudinal outer muscular layer. The circular muscle layer prevents the food from going backwards and the longitudinal layer shortens the tract. The coordinated contractions of these layers is called peristalsis and propels the bolus, or balled-up food, through the GI tract. Between the two muscle layers are the myenteric or Auerbach's plexus. Adventitia The adventitia consists of several layers of epithelia. When the adventitia is facing the mesentery or peritoneal fold, the adventitia is covered by a mesothelium supported by a thin connective tissue layer, together forming a serosa, or serous membrane. Uses of animal gut by humans The stomachs of calves have commonly been used as a source of rennet for making cheese. The use of animal gut strings by musicians can be traced back to the third dynasty of Egypt. In the recent past, strings were made out of lamb gut. With the advent of the modern era, musicians have tended to use strings made of silk, or synthetic materials such as nylon or steel. Some instrumentalists, however, still use gut strings in order to evoke the older tone quality. Although such strings were commonly referred to as catgut strings, cats were never used as a source for gut strings. Sheep gut was the original source for natural gut string used in racquets, such as for tennis. Today, synthetic strings are much more common, but the best strings are now made out of cow gut. Gut cord has also been used to produce strings for the snares which provide the snare drum's characteristic buzzing timbre. While the snare drum currently almost always uses metal wire rather than gut cord, the North African bendir frame drum still uses gut for this purpose. Natural sausage hulls or casings are made of animal gut, especially hog, beef, and lamb. Animal gut was used to make the cord lines in longcase clocks and for fusee movements in bracket clocks, but may be replaced by metal wire. The oldest known condoms, from 1640 CE, were made from animal intestine.5 See also Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Digestive system Dysbiosis Gastrointestinal hormone Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary Major systems of the human body Notes ^ Maton, Anthea; Jean Hopkins, Charles William McLaughlin, Susan Johnson, Maryanna Quon Warner, David LaHart, Jill D. Wright 1993. Human Biology and Health. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, USA: Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-981176-1. ^ Bruce M. Carlson 2004. Human Embryology and Developmental Biology, 3rd ion, Saint Louis: Mosby. ISBN 0-323-03649-X. ^ Richard Coico, Geoffrey Sunshine, Eli Benjamini 2003. Immunology: a short course. New York: Wiley-Liss. ISBN 0-471-22689-0. ^ Abraham L. Kierszenbaum 2002. Histology and cell biology: an introduction to pathology. St. Louis: Mosby. ISBN 0-323-01639-1. ^ World's oldest condom. Ananova 2008. Retrieved on 2008-04-11. References National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health. External links Anatomy atlas of the Digestive System Overview at Colorado State University Your Digestive System and How It Works at National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse NDDIC v d e Anatomy of torso, digestive system: Gastrointestinal tract Upper GI To stomach Mouth Pharynx nasopharynx, oropharynx, hypopharynx Esophagus UES, LES Crop Stomach rugae - gastric pits - cardia/gland - fundus/gland - pylorus/gland - pyloric antrum - pyloric canal - greater curvature - lesser curvature - angular incisure Lower GI Intestine: small Duodenum Suspensory muscle, Major duodenal papilla, Minor duodenal papilla Duodenojejunal flexure Jejunum Ileum Ileocecal valve continuous intestinal villus, crypts of Lieberkühn, circular folds Intestine: large Vermiform appendix Cecum Colon ascending colon, hepatic flexure, transverse colon, splenic flexure, descending colon, sigmoid colon continuous taenia coli, haustra, epiploic appendix Termination Rectum: Houston valve rectal ampulla pectinate line Anal canal: anal valves anal sinuses anal columns Hilton's white line Anus: Sphincter ani internus muscle Sphincter ani externus muscle Lymph GALT: Peyer's patches M cells v d e Anatomy of torso, digestive system: accessory digestive glands Liver by region: Left lobe Caudate lobe, Quadrate lobe Right lobe Transverse fissure of liver by function: Fibrous capsule of Glisson Hepatocyte Space of Disse Space of Mall Kupffer cell Liver sinusoid Ito cell Hepatic lobule Biliary tract Bile ducts intrahepatic: Bile canaliculus Canals of Hering Interlobular bile ducts Intrahepatic bile ducts Left and Right hepatic ducts extrahepatic: Common hepatic duct Cystic duct Common bile duct Gallbladder by region: Body Fundus Neck Pancreas by region: Tail Body Head Uncinate process by function: Islets of Langerhans Exocrine pancreas ducts: Pancreatic duct Accessory pancreatic duct Common Hepatopancreatic ampulla Sphincter of Oddi v d e Prenatal development/Mammalian development of digestive system Gut Stomodeum Foregut Buccopharyngeal membrane, Rathke's pouch, Tracheoesophageal septum, Pancreatic bud, Hepatic diverticulum Midgut Hindgut Urorectal septum Proctodeum Mesentery Dorsal mesentery - Ventral mesentery Other Septum transversum v d e Digestive system - Digestive disease - Gastroenterology primarily K20-K93, 530-579 Upper GI tract Esophagus Esophagitis Candidal - Boerhaave syndrome - UES Zenker's diverticulum - LES Barrett's esophagus, Mallory-Weiss syndrome - Esophageal motility disorder Nutcracker esophagus, Achalasia, Diffuse esophageal spasm, GERD - Esophageal stricture - Megaesophagus Stomach Gastritis Atrophic, Ménétrier's disease, Gastroenteritis - Peptic gastric ulcer/Dieulafoy's lesion - Dyspepsia - Pyloric stenosis - Achlorhydria - Gastroparesis - Gastroptosis - Portal hypertensive gastropathy - Gastric antral vascular ectasia - Gastric dumping syndrome - Gastric volvulus Intestinal/ enteropathy Small intestine/ duodenum/jejunum/ileum Enteritis Duodenitis, Jejunitis, Ileitis Peptic duodenal ulcer Malabsorption: Coeliac - Tropical sprue - Blind loop syndrome - Whipple's - Short bowel syndrome - Steatorrhea Large intestine appendix/colon Appendicitis - Colitis Pseudomembranous, Ulcerative, Ischemic Functional colonic disease IBS, Intestinal pseudoobstruction/Ogilvie syndrome Megacolon/Toxic megacolon - Diverticulitis/Diverticulosis Large and/or small Enterocolitis Necrotizing - IBD Crohn's disease vascular: Abdominal angina - Mesenteric ischemia - Angiodysplasia Bowel obstruction: Ileus - Intussusception - Volvulus - Fecal impaction Constipation - Diarrhea Rectum/anus Proctitis Radiation proctitis - Proctalgia fugax - Rectal prolapse - Anal fissure/Anal fistula - Anal abscess Accessory Liver Hepatitis Viral hepatitis, Autoimmune hepatitis, Alcoholic hepatitis - Cirrhosis PBC - Fatty liver NASH - vascular Hepatic veno-occlusive disease, Portal hypertension, Nutmeg liver - Alcoholic liver disease - Liver failure Hepatic encephalopathy, Acute liver failure - Liver abscess - Hepatorenal syndrome - Peliosis hepatis Gallbladder Cholecystitis - Gallstones/Cholecystolithiasis - Cholesterolosis - Rokitansky-Aschoff sinuses - Postcholecystectomy syndrome Bile duct/ other biliary tree Cholangitis PSC, Ascending - Cholestasis/Mirizzi's syndrome - Biliary fistula - Haemobilia - Gallstones/Cholelithiasis common bile duct Choledocholithiasis, Biliary dyskinesia Pancreatic Pancreatitis Acute, Chronic, Herary - Pancreatic pseudocyst - Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency - Pancreatic fistula Hernia Diaphragmatic: Congenital diaphragmatic - Hiatus Abdominal hernia: Inguinal Indirect, Direct - Umbilical - Incisional - Femoral Obturator hernia - Spigelian hernia Peritoneal Peritonitis Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis - Hemoperitoneum - Pneumoperitoneum GI bleeding Upper Hematemesis, Melena - Lower Hematochezia See also congenital, neoplasia v d e Digestive system, physiology: gastrointestinal physiology Enteric nervous system Meissner's plexus - Auerbach's plexus Exocrine Chief cells Pepsinogen - Parietal cells Gastric acid, Intrinsic factor - Goblet cells Mucus Endocrine/paracrine G cells gastrin, D cells somatostatin - ECL cells Histamine - enterogastrone: I cells CCK, K cells GIP, S cells secretin, Enteroendocrine cells Border Brunner's glands - Paneth cells - Enterocytes Fluids Saliva - Bile - Intestinal juice - Gastric juice - Pancreatic juice Processes Swallowing - Vomiting - Peristalsis Interstitial cell of Cajal - Migrating motor complex - Borborygmus - Gastrocolic reflex - Segmentation contractions - Defecation v d e Digestive system surgical and other procedures ICD-9-CM V3 42-54 Digestive tract esophagus: Esophagectomy stomach: Gastrostomy Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy - Gastrectomy Billroth I, Billroth II, Roux-en-Y - Gastric bypass surgery - Gastroenterostomy - Nissen fundoplication - Gastropexy small bowel: Duodenal switch - Jejunoileal bypass - Ileostomy - Partial ileal bypass surgery large bowel: Colectomy - Colostomy - Appendicectomy - Hartmann's procedure rectum: Lower anterior resection - Abdominoperineal resection anus: Anal sphincterotomy - Lateral internal sphincterotomy endoscopy: Esophagogastroduodenoscopy - Colonoscopy - Proctoscopy - Sigmoidoscopy Accessory liver: Hepatectomy - Liver transplantation - Artificial extracorporeal liver support Liver dialysis, Bioartificial liver devices gallbladder/bile duct: Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography - Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography - Cholecystectomy pancreas: Pancreatectomy - Pancreaticoduodenectomy - Pancreas transplantation - Puestow procedure - Frey's procedure Other Herniorrhaphy - Laparotomy - Paracentesis v d e Human organ systems Cardiovascular system Digestive system Endocrine system Immune system Integumentary system Lymphatic system Muscular system Nervous system Reproductive system Respiratory system Skeletal system Urinary system Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Gastrointestinal_tract Categories: Digestive system | Gastroenterology | Abdomen Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages Afrikaans العربية Asturianu Aymar বাংলা Bân-lâm-gú Bosanski БългарÑ?ки Català Česky Cymraeg Deutsch Þ‹Þ¨ÞˆÞ¬Þ€Þ¨Þ„Þ¦Þ?Þ° Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Ù?ارسی Français í•œêµì–´ Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Ido Ã?slenska Italiano עברית Latina Lingála LatvieÅ¡u Lojban МакедонÑ?ки Malti Nederlands 日本語 ‪Norsk bokmÃ¥l‬ Polski Português Runa Simi РуÑ?Ñ?кий Shqip Simple English SlovenÄ?ina SlovenÅ¡Ä?ina СрпÑ?ки / Srpski Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழà¯? ไทย Tiếng Việt Türkçe УкраїнÑ?ька ייִדיש ä¸æ–‡ This page was last modified on 29 August 2008, at 18:34
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