Sierra Acai Company
Sierra Acai Company
Open 7 Days a Week
MonaVie Independent Distributor
Distributor Training
Shop Online
Enroll Now
Buy Wholesale and maintain an Active status for 2 months and we will refund your $39 Distributor Fee
Friends
Buy Wholesale and maintain an Active status for 2 months and we will refund your $39 Distributor Fee
09-SEPTEMBER-2008 19:33:10 - Lipopolysaccharide Lipopolysaccharide captions are in French Lipopolysaccharide captions are in French Lipopolysaccharide LPS is a large molecule consisting of a lipid and a polysaccharide carbohydrate joined by a covalent bond. Contents 1 Functions 2 Composition 2.1 Lipid A 2.2 Core oligosaccharide 2.3 O-antigen 3 LPS modifications 4 Variability and effect upon specificity 5 Immune response 6 Diversity 7 References 8 See also 9 External links Functions Toll-like receptors of the innate immune system recognize LPS and trigger an immune response. Toll-like receptors of the innate immune system recognize LPS and trigger an immune response. LPS is a major component of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, contributing greatly to the structural integrity of the bacteria, and protecting the membrane from certain kinds of chemical attack. LPS is an endotoxin, and induces a strong response from normal animal immune systems. The only Gram-positive bacteria that possesses LPS is Listeria monocytogenes, the common infective agent in unpasteurized milk.1 LPS acts as the prototypical endotoxin, because it binds the CD14/TLR4/MD2 receptor complex, which promotes the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines in many cell types, but especially in macrophages. An LPS challenge in immunology is the exposing of the subject to an LPS which may act as a toxin. LPS also increases the negative charge of the cell membrane and helps stabilize the overall membrane structure. LPS is additionally an exogenous pyrogen external fever-inducing compound. With the Lipopolysaccharide being of crucial importance to gram negative bacterial cells, resulting in the death of the cell if it is mutated or removed, it is therefore a prime target for future antimicrobial substances. Composition It comprises three parts: polysaccharide O side chains core polysaccharide core oligosaccharide in genus Neisseria lipid A Lipid A Lipid A contains unusual fatty acids 'e.g.' hydroxy-myristic acid and is embedded into the outer membrane while the rest of the LPS projects from the surface. Lipid A, which is a disaccharide with multiple fatty acid tails reaching into the membrane. This is the key in the toxicity. When bacterial cells are lysed by our efficiently working immune system, fragment of membrane containing lipid A are released into the circulation, causing fever, diarrhea, and possible fatal endotoxic shock also called septic shock. Core oligosaccharide Core oligosaccharide contains unusual sugars e.g. KDO, keto-deoxyoctulosonate and heptose. The core oligosaccharide is attached to lipid A, which is also in part responsible for the toxicity of gram-negative bacteria. O-antigen The polysaccharide side chain is referred to as the O-antigen of the bacteria. O side chain O-antigen is also a polysaccharide chain that extends from the core polysaccharide. The composition of the O side chain varies between different gram-negative bacterial strains. The presence or absence of O chains determine whether the LPS is considered rough or smooth. Full length O-chains would render the LPS smooth while the absence or reduction of O-chains would make the LPS rough. 2Bacteria with rough LPS usually have more penetrable cell membranes to hydrophobic antibiotics since a rough LPS is more hydrophobic. 3 O side chains are easily recognized by the antibodies of the host, however, the nature of the chain can easily be modified by Gram-negative bacteria to avoid detection. The structure of the core and the O-antigen is often determined by methylation analysis or NMR-spectroscopy. LPS modifications The making of LPS can be modified in order to present a specific sugar structure. Those can be recognised by either other LPS which enables to inhibit LPS toxins or glycosyltransferases which use those sugar structure to add more specific sugars. It has recently been shown that a specific enzyme in the intestine alkaline phosphatase can detoxify LPS by removing the two phosphate groups found on LPS carbohydrates 4. This may function as an adaptive mechanism to help the host manage potentially toxic effects of gram-negative bacteria normally found in the small intestine. Variability and effect upon specificity O-antigens the outer carbohydrates are the most variable portion of the LPS molecule, imparting the antigenic specificity. In contrast, lipid A is the most conserved part. However, -lipid A composition also may vary e.g., in number and nature of acyl chains even within or between genera. Some of these variations may impart antagonistic properties to these LPS. For example Rhodobacter sphaeroides diphosphoryl lipid A RsDPLA is a potent antagonist of LPS in human cells, but is an agonist in hamster and equine cells. It has been speculated that conical Lipid A eg from E coli are more agonistic, less conical lipid A like those of Porphyromonas gingivalis may activate a different signal TLR2 instead of TLR4, and completely cylindrical lipid A like that of Rhodobacter sphaeroides is antagonistic to TLRs.56 Immune response LPS function has been under experimental research for several years due to its role in activating many transcription factors. LPS also produces many types of mediators involved in septic shock. Diversity Lipololysaccharide gene clusters are highly variable between different strains, subspecies, species of bacterial pathogens of plants and animals.78 References ^ Wexler, Hannah; Joel D. Oppenheim March 1979. Isolation, Characterization, and Biological Properties of an Endotoxin-Like Material from the Gram-Positive Organism Listeria monocytogenes PDF. Infection and Immunity 23 3: 845-857. American Society for Microbiology. ISSN 0019-9567. PMID 110684. Retrieved on 2008-04-08. ^ Rittig MG et al 2004. Smooth and rough lipopolysaccharide phenotypes of Brucella induce different intracellular trafficking and cytokine/chemokine release in human monocytes. Journal of Leukocyte Biology 5 4: 196-200. PMID 12960272. ^ Tsujimoto H et al 2003. Diffusion of macrolide antibiotics through the outer membrane of Moraxella catarrhalis. Journal of Infection and Chemotherapy 74: 1045-1055. PMID 11810516. ^ Bates J.M. et al 2007. Intestinal alkaline phosphatase detoxifies lipopolysaccharide and prevents inflammation in zebrafish in response to the gut microbiota. Cell Host and Microbe 26: 371-382. doi:10.1016/j.chom.2007.10.010. PMID 18078689. ^ Netea M et al 2002. Does the shape of lipid A determine the interaction of LPS with Toll-like receptors?. Trends Immunol 23 3: 135-9. doi:10.1016/S1471-49060102169-X. PMID 11864841. ^ Seydel U, Oikawa M, Fukase K, Kusumoto S, Brandenburg K 2000. Intrinsic conformation of lipid A is responsible for agonistic and antagonistic activity. Eur J Biochem 267 10: 3032-9. doi:10.1046/j.1432-1033.2000.01326.x. PMID 10806403. ^ Reeves P, Wang L 2002. Genomic organization of LPS-specific loci. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 264 1: 109-35. PMID 12014174. ^ Patil P, Sonti R 2004. Variation suggestive of horizontal gene transfer at a lipopolysaccharide lps biosynthetic locus in Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, the bacterial leaf blight pathogen of rice. BMC Microbiol 4 1: 40. doi:10.1186/1471-2180-4-40. PMID 15473911. See also Endotoxin Mucopolysaccharide External links MeSH Lipopolysaccharides Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Lipopolysaccharide Categories: Membrane-active molecules | Microbiology Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages Deutsch Español Français Galego Italiano עברית 日本語 Polski Português РуÑ?Ñ?кий Suomi Svenska УкраїнÑ?ька ä¸æ–‡ This page was last modified on 5 August 2008, at 01:30
39 Reasons to Drink Acai Juice Every Day
What is MonaVie - Watch the 8-minute video
Discovering MonaVie Video
The Power of You Video
Effects of MonaVie Active on Antioxidant Capacity in Humans
Log into your Wholesale MonaVie Account
So many of us do not eat a balanced diet, get enough sleep, have too much stress, or are impacted with toxins and pollutants. Drinking 2 ounces of MonaVie twice a day will help your body detoxify as well as build your immune system. Its the smartest thing you can do for yourself, so start today. Buying MonaVie through our company guarantees you support 7 days a week and, if you would like to share MonaVie with your family and friends we will guide you from start to finish.
1. Click on Enroll Now (30 - 55% off retail price)
2. Pay $39 for your Wholesale ID number.
3. NO minimum order required.
4. MonaVie is delivered to your door in 3 to 5 days.