Sierra Acai Company
Sierra Acai Company
Open 7 Days a Week
MonaVie Independent Distributor
Distributor Training
Shop Online
Enroll Now
Buy Wholesale and maintain an Active status for 2 months and we will refund your $39 Distributor Fee
Friends
Buy Wholesale and maintain an Active status for 2 months and we will refund your $39 Distributor Fee
14-September-2008 18:02:45 - Activin Merge arrows It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with inhibin. Discuss The Activin dimer, from 2ARV.pdb inhibin, beta A activin A, activin AB alpha polypeptide Identifiers Symbol INHBA Entrez 3624 HUGO 6066 OMIM 147290 RefSeq NM_002192 UniProt P08476 Other data Locus Chr. 7 p15-p13 inhibin, beta B activin B, activin AB beta polypeptide Identifiers Symbol INHBB Entrez 3625 HUGO 6067 OMIM 147390 RefSeq NM_002193 UniProt P09529 Other data Locus Chr. 2 cen-q13 Activin is a peptide that enhances FSH synthesis and secretion and participates in the regulation of the menstrual cycle. It does the opposite as inhibin. Many other functions have been found to be exerted by activin, including their roles in cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis1, metabolism, homeostasis, immune response, wound repair2, and endocrine function Like inhibin and AMH activin belongs to TGF-β superfamily. Contents 1 Structure 2 Function 3 Mechanism 4 References 5 External links Structure Activin contains two beta subunits that are identical to the two beta subunits A or B of inhibin, allowing for the formation of three forms of activin: A, AB, and B. Activin A has two βA subunits, activin B has two βB subunits, and activin AB has one βA and one βB subunit 3. The subunits are linked by a single covalent disulfide bond. Function Activin is produced in the gonads, pituitary gland, placenta and other organs: In the ovarian follicle, activin increases FSH binding and FSH induced aromatization. It participates in androgen synthesis enhancing LH disambiguation needed action in the ovary and testis. In the male, activin enhances spermatogenesis. Activin is strongly expressed in wounded skin, and overexpression of activin in epidermis of transgenic mice improves wound healing and enhances scar formation. Its action in wound repair and skin morphogenesis is through stimulation of keratinocytes and stromal cells in a dose-dependent manner.4 Activin also regulates the morphogenesis of branching organs such as the prostate, lung, and especially kidney. Activin A increased the expression level of type I collagen suggesting that activtin A acts as a potent activator of fibroblasts. Mechanism As with other members of the superfamily, activins interact with two types of cell surface transmembrane receptors Types I and II which have intrinsic serine/threonine kinase activities in their cytoplasmic domains. Activin binds to the Type II receptor and initiates a cascade reaction that leads to the recruitment, phosphorylation, and activation of Type I activin receptor. This then interacts with and then phosphorylates Smad2 and Smad3, two of the cytoplasmic Smad proteins. Smad3 then translocates to the nucleus and interacts with Smad4 through multimerization, resulting in their modulation as transcription factor complexes responsible for the expression of a large variety of genes. References ^ Chen YG, Wang Q, Lin SL, Chang CD, Chung J, and Ying SY. Activin Signaling and its Role in Regulation of Cell Proliferation, Apoptosis and Carcinogenesis. Exp Biol Med. 2006; 231: 534-544. ^ Sulyok S, 20 M, Alzheimer C, Werner S. Activin: an important regulator of wound repair, fibrosis, and neuroprotection. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology. 2005; 225: 126-132. ^ Xu P, Hall AK. The role of activin in neuropeptide induction and pain sensation. Dev Biol. 2006 Nov 15;2992:303-9 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16973148 ^ Bamberger C, Schärer A, Antsiferova M, Tychsen B, Pankow S, Müller M, Rülicke T, Paus R, and Werner S. Activin Controls Skin Morphogenesis and Wound Repair Predominantly via Stromal Cells and in a Concentration-Dependent Manner via Keratinocytes. American Journal of Pathology. 2005; 167 3: 733-741. External links Activin at eMedicine Dictionary MeSH Activin v d e Cell signaling: TGF beta signaling pathway TGF beta superfamily of ligands TGF beta family TGF-β1, TGF-β2, TGF-β3 Bone morphogenetic proteins BMP2, BMP3, BMP4, BMP5, BMP6, BMP7, BMP8a, BMP8b, BMP10 , BMP15 Growth differentiation factors GDF1, GDF2, GDF3, GDF5, GDF6, GDF7, Myostatin/GDF8, GDF9, GDF10, GDF11, GDF15 Other Activin A and B/Inhibin A and B, Anti-müllerian hormone, Nodal TGF beta receptors Activin, BMP TGFBR1: Activin type 1 receptors ACVR1, ACVR1B, ACVR1C - ACVRL1 - BMPR1 BMPR1A - BMPR1B TGFBR2: Activin type 2 receptors ACVR2A, ACVR2B - AMHR2 - BMPR2 TGFBR3: betaglycan Transducers/SMAD R-SMAD SMAD1, SMAD2, SMAD3, SMAD5, SMAD9 - I-SMAD SMAD6, SMAD7 - SMAD4 Ligand inhibitors Cerberus - Chordin - DAN - Decorin - Follistatin - Gremlin - Lefty - LTBP1 - Noggin - THBS1 Coreceptors BAMBI - Cripto Other SARA v d e Protein: glycoproteins Activin - ADAM protein - Alpha 1-antichymotrypsin - Apolipoprotein H - CD70 - Asialoglycoprotein - Avidin - B-cell activating factor - 4-1BB ligand - Cholesterylester transfer protein - Clusterin - Colony-stimulating factor - Haemopexin - Inhibin - Lactoferrin - Membrane glycoproteins - Mucoprotein - Myelin protein zero - Osteonectin - Protein C - Protein S - Proteoglycan - Serum amyloid P component - Sialoglycoprotein CD43, Glycophorin, Glycophorin C - Thrombopoietin - Thyroglobulin - Thyroxine-binding proteins - Transcortin - Tumor necrosis factor-alpha - Uteroglobin - Vitronectin v d e Endocrine system: hormones/endocrine glands Peptide hormones, Steroid hormones Hypothalamic-pituitary Hypothalamus: TRH, CRH , GnRH, GHRH, somatostatin, dopamine - Posterior pituitary: vasopressin, oxytocin - Anterior pituitary: α FSH, LH, TSH, GH, prolactin, POMC ACTH, MSH, endorphins, lipotropin Adrenal axis Adrenal medulla: epinephrine, norepinephrine - Adrenal cortex: aldosterone, cortisol, DHEA Thyroid axis Thyroid: thyroid hormone T3 and T4 - calcitonin - Parathyroid: PTH Gonadal axis Testis: testosterone, AMH, inhibin - Ovary: estradiol, progesterone, inhibin/activin, relaxin pregnancy Other end. glands Pancreas: glucagon, insulin, somatostatin - Pineal gland: melatonin Non-end. glands Placenta: hCG, HPL, estrogen, progesterone - Kidney: renin, EPO, calcitriol, prostaglandin - Heart atrium: ANP - Stomach: gastrin, ghrelin - Duodenum: CCK, GIP, secretin, motilin, VIP - Ileum: enteroglucagon - Adipose tissue: leptin, adiponectin, resistin - Thymus: Thymosin - Thymopoietin - Thymulin - Skeleton: Osteocalcin - Liver/other: Insulin-like growth factor IGF-1, IGF-2 Target-derived NGF, BDNF, NT-3 Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Activin Categories: All articles to be merged | Genes on chromosome 7 | Genes on chromosome 2 | Cell signaling | Signal transduction | Reproductive system | Hormones of the ovary | Peptide hormones | TGFβ domainHidden categories: Articles to be merged since December 2007 | Protein pages needing a picture | Articles with links needing disambiguation Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages Français 日本語 This page was last modified on 29 July 2008, at 12:56
39 Reasons to Drink Acai Juice Every Day
What is MonaVie - Watch the 8-minute video
Discovering MonaVie Video
The Power of You Video
Effects of MonaVie Active on Antioxidant Capacity in Humans
Log into your Wholesale MonaVie Account
So many of us do not eat a balanced diet, get enough sleep, have too much stress, or are impacted with toxins and pollutants. Drinking 2 ounces of MonaVie twice a day will help your body detoxify as well as build your immune system. Its the smartest thing you can do for yourself, so start today. Buying MonaVie through our company guarantees you support 7 days a week and, if you would like to share MonaVie with your family and friends we will guide you from start to finish.
1. Click on Enroll Now (30 - 55% off retail price)
2. Pay $39 for your Wholesale ID number.
3. NO minimum order required.
4. MonaVie is delivered to your door in 3 to 5 days.