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14-September-2008 18:02:41 - cortex Adrenal cortex Layers of cortex. Latin cortex glandulae suprarenalis Gray's subject #277 1278 Precursor mesoderm1 Dorlands/Elsevier c_57/12261690 Cortical part of the adrenal gland on the pointer. Cortical part of the adrenal gland on the pointer. Situated along the perimeter of the adrenal gland, the adrenal cortex mediates the stress response through the production of mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids, including aldosterone and cortisol respectively. It is also a secondary site of androgen synthesis. Contents 1 Layers 2 Steps of hormone synthesis 3 Production 4 Pathology 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Layers The cortex can be divided into three distinct layers of tissue based on their organisation. A useful mnemonic, GFR, relates to the glomerular filtration rate, as used in clinical practice. Layer Name Primary product Most superficial cortical layer zona glomerulosa mineralocorticoids eg, aldosterone Middle cortical layer zona fasciculata glucocorticoids eg, cortisol Deepest cortical layer zona reticularis weak androgens eg, dehydroepiandrosterone Steps of hormone synthesis All adrenocortical hormones are synthesised from cholesterol. Cholesterol is transported into the inner mitochondrial membrane by steroidogenic acute regulatory protein STAR, where it is converted into pregnenolone by the enzyme CYP11A1. Accordingly, production of hormones in all three layers of the adrenal cortex is limited by the transportation of cholesterol into the mitochondria and by its conversion into pregnenolone. Pregnenolone can be either dehydrogenated to progesterone, or hydroxylated to 17-alpha-hydroxypregnenolone. The steps up to this point occur in many steroid-producing tissues. Subsequent steps, however, only occur in the adrenal cortex: Progesterone → hydroxylation at C21 → Deoxycorticosterone → two further hydroxylations → Aldosterone Progesterone → hydroxylation at C17 → 17-alpha-hydroxyprogesterone → hydroxylation → Deoxycortisol → hydroxylation → Cortisol Production The adrenal cortex produces a number of different corticosteroid hormones: Mineralocorticoids: They are produced in the zona glomerulosa. The primary mineralocorticoid is aldosterone. Its secretion is regulated by the oligopeptide angiotensin II angiotensin II is regulated by angiotensin I, which in turn is regulated by renin. Aldosterone is secreted in response to high extracellular potassium levels, low extracellular sodium levels, and low fluid levels and blood volume. Aldosterone affects metabolism in different ways: It increases urinary excretion of potassium ions It increases interstitial levels of sodium ions It increases water retention and blood volume Glucocorticoids: They are produced in the zona fasciculata. The primary glucocorticoid released by the adrenal gland is cortisol. Its secretion is regulated by the hormone ACTH from the anterior pituitary. Upon binding to its target, cortisol enhances metabolism in several ways: It stimulates the release of amino acids from the body It stimulates lipolysis, the breakdown of fat It stimulates gluconeogenesis, the production of glucose from newly-released amino acids and lipids It increases blood glucose levels in response to stress, by inhibiting glucose uptake into muscle and fat cells It strengthens cardiac muscle contractions It increases water retention It has anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic effects Androgens: They are produced in the zona reticularis. The most important androgens include: Testosterone: a hormone with a wide variety of effects, ranging from enhancing muscle mass and stimulation of cell growth to the development of the secondary sex characteristics. Dihydrotestosterone DHT: a metabolite of testosterone, and a more potent androgen than testosterone in that it binds more strongly to androgen receptors. Androstenedione Andro: an androgenic steroid produced by the testes, adrenal cortex, and ovaries. While androstenediones are converted metabolically to testosterone and other androgens, they are also the parent structure of estrone. Dehydroepiandrosterone DHEA: It is the primary precursor of natural estrogens. DHEA is also called dehydroisoandrosterone or dehydroandrosterone. Pathology Adrenal insufficiency e.g. due to Addison's disease Cushing's syndrome Congenital adrenal hyperplasia Conn's syndrome See also Adrenal gland References December 2007 ^ Embryology of the adrenal gland. Retrieved on 2007-12-11. External links SUNY Labs 40:04-0203 - Posterior Abdominal Wall: Blood Supply to the Suprarenal Glands Mnemonic at medicalmnemonics.com 180 2201 412 Histology at BU 14502loa Anatomy Atlases - Microscopic Anatomy, plate 15.292 - Adrenal Gland Adrenal Cortex Medical Notes on rahulgladwin.com v d e Endocrine system Adrenal glands Medulla Chromaffin cells Cortex Zona glomerulosa Zona fasciculata Zona reticularis Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Adrenal_cortex Categories: Glands | Abdomen | Endocrine systemHidden category: Articles needing additional references from December 2007 Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages Deutsch 日本語 Polski Português This page was last modified on 15 August 2008, at 16:27
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