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14-September-2008 18:02:35 - Autoclave For the early 1990s indie rock band based in Washington, D.C., see Autoclave band. For the cipher, see Autokey cipher. Autoclave A modern front-loading autoclave Uses Sterilization Inventor Charles Chamberland Related items Waste autoclave This box: view talk An autoclave is a pressurized device designed to heat aqueous solutions above their boiling point at normal atmospheric pressure to achieve sterilization. It was invented by Charles Chamberland in 1879.1 The term autoclave is also used to describe an industrial machine in which elevated temperature and pressure are used in processing materials. Contents 1 Introduction 2 Air removal 3 Uses 4 Autoclaves in medicine 5 Chemiclave 6 Autoclave quality assurance 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Introduction Under ordinary circumstances at standard pressure, liquid water cannot be heated above approximately 100 °C/212 °F 99.99 °C at 101.325 kPa, 99.62 °C at 100 kPa in an open vessel except for special situations. Further heating results in boiling, but does not raise the temperature of the liquid water. However, when water is heated in a sealed vessel such as an autoclave, it is possible to heat liquid water to a much higher temperature. As the container is heated the pressure rises due to the constant volume of the container see the ideal gas law. The boiling point of the water is raised because the amount of energy needed to form steam against the higher pressure is increased. Air removal When the goal of autoclaving is to achieve sterility, it is very important to ensure that all of the trapped air is removed. The reason for this is that hot air is very poor at achieving sterility. Steam at 134 °C can achieve in 3 minutes the same sterility that hot air at 160 °C takes two hours to achieve.citation needed Autoclaves may achieve air removal by various means including: Downward displacement or gravity type - As steam enters the chamber, it fills the upper areas as it is less dense than air. This compresses the air to the bottom, forcing it out through a drain. Often a temperature sensing device is placed in the drain. Only when air evacuation is complete discharge should stop. Flow is usually controlled through the use of a steam trap or a solenoid valve, but bleed holes are sometimes used, often in conjunction with a solenoid valve. As the steam and air mix it is also possible to force out the mixture from locations in the chamber other than the bottom. Steam pulsing - Some autoclaves remove air by using a series of steam pulses, in which the chamber is alternately pressurized and then depressurized to near atmospheric pressure. Vacuum pumps - Some autoclaves use vacuum pumps to suck air or air/steam mixtures from the chamber. Superatmospheric - This type of cycle uses a vacuum pump. It starts with a vacuum followed by a steam pulse and then a vacuum followed by a steam pulse. The number of pulses depends on the particular autoclave and cycle chosen. Subatmospheric - Similar to superatmospheric cycles, but chamber pressure never exceeds atmospheric until they pressurize up to the sterilizing temperature. Uses Autoclaves are widely used in microbiology, medicine, sterilizing instruments for body piercing, veterinary science, dentistry, podiatry and metallurgy. The large carbon-fiber composite parts for the Boeing 787, such as wing and fuselage parts, are cured in large autoclaves.2 Autoclaves in medicine Stovetop autoclaves - the simplest of autoclaves Stovetop autoclaves - the simplest of autoclaves A medical autoclave is a device that uses steam to sterilize equipment and other objects. This means that all bacteria, viruses, fungi, and spores are inactivated. However, prions, like those associated with Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, may not be destroyed by autoclaving at the typical 121 degrees Celsius for 15 minutes or 134 degrees Celsius for 3 minutes, but can be destroyed with a longer sterilization cycle of 134 degrees Celsius for 18 minutescitation needed. Autoclaves are found in many medical settings and other places that need to ensure sterility of an object. Many procedures today use single-use items rather than sterilized, reusable items. This first happened with hypodermic needles, but today many surgical instruments such as forceps, needle holders, and scalpel handles are commonly single-use items rather than reusable. See waste autoclave. Because damp heat is used, heat-labile products such as some plastics cannot be sterilized this way or they will melt. Some paper or other products that may be damaged by the steam must also be sterilized another way. In all autoclaves, items should always be separated to allow the steam to penetrate the load evenly. Autoclaving is often used to sterilize medical waste prior to disposal in the standard municipal solid waste stream. This application has grown as an alternative to incineration due to environmental and health concerns raised by combustion byproducts from incinerators, especially from the small units which were commonly operated at individual hospitals. Incineration or a similar thermal oxidation process is still generally mandated for pathological waste and other very toxic and/or infectious medical wastes. Chemiclave Unlike the humid environment produced by conventional steam, the unsaturated chemical vapor method is a low-humidity process. No time-consuming drying phase is needed, because nothing gets wet. The heat-up time is shorter than for most steam sterilizers, and the heaters stay on between cycles to minimize warm-up time and increase the instrument turnover. Autoclave quality assurance Multiple large autoclaves are used for processing substantial quantities of laboratory equipment prior to reuse, and infectious material prior to disposal. The machine in the middle is a washing machine, the machine to the right is the Autoclave Multiple large autoclaves are used for processing substantial quantities of laboratory equipment prior to reuse, and infectious material prior to disposal. The machine in the middle is a washing machine, the machine to the right is the Autoclave Sterilization bags often have a sterilization indicator mark that typically darkens when sterilization temperatures have been reached. Comparing the mark on an unprocessed bag to a bag that has been properly cycled will show an obvious visual difference. Sterilization bags often have a sterilization indicator mark that typically darkens when sterilization temperatures have been reached. Comparing the mark on an unprocessed bag to a bag that has been properly cycled will show an obvious visual difference. There are physical, chemical, and biological indicators that can be used to ensure an autoclave reaches the correct temperature for the correct amount of time. Chemical indicators can be found on medical packaging and autoclave tape, and these change color once the correct conditions have been met. This color change indicates that the object inside the package, or under the tape, has been autoclaved sufficiently. Biological indicators include attest devices. These contain spores of a heat-resistant bacterium, Geobacillus stearothermophilus. If the autoclave does not reach the right temperature, the spores will germinate, and their metabolism will change the color of a pH-sensitive chemical. Physical indicators often consist of an alloy designed to melt only after being subjected to 121°C or 249°F for 15 minutes. If the alloy melts, the change will be visible. In addition to these indicators, autoclaves have timers, temperature and pressure gauges that can be viewed from the outside. There are certain plastics that can withstand repeated temperature cycling greater than the 121°C or 249°F required for the autoclaving process. PFA and PP #5 are examples. Some computer-controlled autoclaves use an F0 F-naught value to control the sterilization cycle. F0 values are set as the number of minutes of equivalent sterilization at 121°C or 249°F e.g: F0 = 15 min.. Since exact temperature control is difficult, the temperature is monitored, and the sterilization time adjusted accordingly. See also Aerated autoclaved concrete Pressure cooker Sterilization microbiology Waste autoclave References ^ Chronological reference marks - Charles Chamberland 1851-1908. Pasteur Institute. Retrieved on 2007-01-19. ^ Kageyama, Yuri 2007-04-29. Up to Speed. heraldnet.com. Retrieved on 2007-04-30. External links Strain 121 v d e Laboratory equipment Glassware Beaker · Büchner funnel · Burette · Cold finger · Condenser · Conical measure · Crucible · Cuvette · Eudiometer · Gas syringe · Graduated cylinder · Pipette · Petri dish · Pycnometer · Separating funnel · Soxhlet extractor · Watch glass Flasks Büchner · Erlenmeyer · Fleaker · Florence · Retort · Round-bottom · Schlenk · Volumetric Tubes Boiling · NMR · Test · Thiele · Thistle Other Agar plate · Aspirator · Autoclave · Bunsen burner · Calorimeter · Chemostat · Class II cabinet · Colony counter · Colorimeter · Laboratory centrifuge · Fume hood · Glove box · Homogenizer · Hot air oven · Incubator · Laminar flow cabinet · Magnetic stirrer · Microscope · Microtiter plate · Picotiter plate · Plate reader · Spectrophotometer · Static mixer · Stir bar · Thermometer · Vortex mixer · Wash bottle Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Autoclave Categories: Laboratory equipment | Medical equipment | Medical hygiene | Microbiology equipmentHidden categories: All articles with statements | Articles with statements since August 2008 | Articles with statements since December 2007 Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages العربية Deutsch Eesti Español Français Italiano Lietuvių Nederlands 日本語 ‪Norsk bokmÃ¥l‬ Polski Português РуÑ?Ñ?кий Suomi Svenska УкраїнÑ?ька This page was last modified on 25 August 2008, at 01:16
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