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14-September-2008 18:02:38 - Bit rate Redirected from Bitrate Bit rates Decimal prefixes SI Name Symbol Multiple kilobit per second kbit/s 103 megabit per second Mbit/s 106 gigabit per second Gbit/s 109 terabit per second Tbit/s 1012 Binary prefixes IEC 60027-2 kibibit per second Kibit/s 210 mebibit per second Mibit/s 220 gibibit per second Gibit/s 230 tebibit per second Tibit/s 240 In telecommunications and computing, bitrate sometimes written bit rate, data rate or as a variable R or fb is the number of bits that are conveyed or processed per unit of time. The bit rate is quantified using the bits per second bit/s or bps unit, often in conjunction with a SI prefix such as kilo- kbit/s or kbps, mega- Mbit/s or Mbps, giga- Gbit/s or Gbps or tera- Tbit/s or Tbps. Contents 1 Bit rates at various protocol layers 1.1 Gross bit rate and net bit rate at the physical layer 1.2 Network throughput and goodput 1.3 Multimedia bit rate 2 Usage notes 3 Prefixes 4 Progress trends 5 Bitrates in multimedia 5.1 Audio MP3 5.2 Other audio 5.3 Video MPEG2 5.4 Notes 6 See also 7 References 8 External links 8.1 Bandwidth conversion 8.2 Bandwidth calculator online 8.3 Bitrates of DVB-S TV and radio channels Bit rates at various protocol layers Gross bit rate and net bit rate at the physical layer In digital communication systems, the gross bitrate, raw bitrate, line rate or data signaling rate is the total number of physically transferred bits per second over a communication link, including useful data as well as protocol overhead. The gross bit rate is related to, but should not be confused with, the baud rate in symbols/s or pulses/s. The net bitrate or useful bit rate of a digital communication link is the capacity excluding the physical layer protocol overhead, for example time division multiplex TDM framing bits, redundant forward error correction FEC and other channel coding. The relationship between the gross bit rate and net bit rate is affected by the FEC code rate according to the following. Gross bit rate · code rate ≥ Net bit rate The connection speed of a network access technology or communication device is indicated by some operational systems. The connection speed of a technology that involves forward error correction typically refers to the physical layer net bit rate in accordance with the above definition. For example, the connection speed of a IEEE 802.11a wireless network is the net bit rate of between 6 and 54 Mbit/s, while the gross bit rate is between 12 and 72 Mbit/s inclusive of error-correcting codes. The connection speeds of ISDN Basic Rate Interface 2 B-channels + 1 D-channel of 64+64+16 = 144 kbit/s also refers to the user data rates, while the line rate is 160 kbit/s. In communications technologies without forward error correction and other physical layer protocol overhead, there is no distinction between gross bit rate and net bit rate. For example, the connection speed or bit rate of the Ethernet 100Base-TX physical layer standard is 100 Mbit/s. However, the connection speed of maximum 56000 bit/s in the downlink of a V.92 modem refers to the line rate, while the modem data transfer rate the average useful bit rate sometimes can be higher higher due to data compression, and sometimes lower due to bit-errors and retransmissions. The channel capacity is a theoretical upper bound for the maximum net bitrate, exclusive of forward error correction coding, that is possible without bit errors for a certain physical analog point-to-point communication channel. Channel capacity ≥ Net bit rate Network throughput and goodput The term throughput or digital bandwidth consumption denotes the achieved average bit rate in a computer network over a logical or physical communication link or through a network node, typically measured at a reference point below the network layer and above the physical layer. This implies that the throughput often excludes data link layer protocol overhead and sometimes network layer protocol overhead. The throughput is affected by the traffic load from the data source in question, as well as from other sources sharing the same network resources. Goodput or data transfer rate refers to the achieved average net bit rate that is delivered to the application layer, exclusive of all protocol overhead, data packets retransmissions, etc. For example, in the case of file transfer, the goodput corresponds to the achieved file transfer rate. The file transfer rate in bit/s can be calculated as the file size in byte, divided by the file transfer time in seconds, and multiplied by eight. Net bit rate ≥ Maximum throughput ≥ Throughput ≥ Goodput for a certain communication path. Multimedia bit rate In digital multimedia, bit rate often refers to the number of bits used per unit of playback time to represent a continuous medium such as audio or video after source coding data compression. The size of a multimedia file in byte is the product of the bit rate in bit/s and the length of the recording in seconds, divided by eight. In case of streaming multimedia, this bit rate measure is the goodput that is required to avoid interrupts. Required goodput ≥ Goodput Usage notes The formal abbreviation for bits per second is bit/s not bits/s. In less formal contexts the abbreviations b/s or bps are often used, though this risks confusion with bytes per second B/s, Bps. Even less formally, it is common to drop the per second, and simply refer to a 128 kilobit audio stream or a 100 megabit network. Gross bit rate is sometimes used interchangeably with baud rate, which is correct only when each modulation transition of a data transmission system carries exactly one bit of data something not true for modern modem modulation systems, for example. While often referred to as speed, bitrate does not measure distance/time but quantity/time, and should be distinguished from the propagation speed which depends on the transmission medium and has the usual physical meaning. Prefixes vague For large bitrates, SI prefixes are used: 1,000 bit/s date=1 kbit/s one kilobit or one thousand bits per second 1,000,000 bit/s date=1 Mbit/s one megabit or one million bits per second 1,000,000,000 bit/s date=1 Gbit/s one gigabit or one billion bits per second When describing bitrates, binary prefixes have almost never been used and SI prefixes are almost always used with the standard, decimal meanings, not the old computer-oriented binary meanings. Binary usage may occasionally be seen when the unit is the byte/s, and is not typical for telecommunication links. Sometimes it is necessary to seek clarification of the units used in a particular context. Progress trends Proposed standards and first devices : WAN LAN WLAN 1972: Acoustic coupler 300 baud 1985: 1200 baud 1990: increasing Modem speed: 2400 / 4800 / 9600 / 19200 bit/s 1995: v.34 modems with 28.8 kbit/s, v.90 modems with 56 kbit/s 1996: ISDN with two 64 kbit/s channels 1998: ADSL from 128 kbit/s to 8 Mbit/s, ADSL2 up to 12 Mbit/s, ADSL2+ up to 24 Mbit/s 1972: IEEE 802.3 Ethernet 2.94 Mbit/s 1985: 10b2 10 Mbit/s coax thinwire 1990: 10bT 10 Mbit/s 1995: 100bT 100 Mbit/s 1999: 1000bT Gigabit 1 Gbit/s 2003: 10GBASE 10 Gbit/s 1997: 802.11 2 Mbit/s 1999: 802.11b 11 Mbit/s 1999: 802.11a 54 Mbit/s 2003: 802.11g 54 Mbit/s 2005: 802.11g proprietary 108 Mbit/s 2007: 802.11n 540 Mbit/s Bitrates in multimedia In digital multimedia, bitrate represents the amount of information, or detail, that is stored per unit of time of a recording. The bitrate depends on several factors: the original material may be sampled at different frequencies the samples may use different numbers of bits the data may be encoded by different schemes the information may be digitally compressed by different algorithms or to different degrees Generally, choices are made about the above factors in order to achieve the desired trade-off between minimizing the bitrate and maximizing the quality of the material when it is played. If lossy data compression is used on audio or visual data, differences from the original signal will be introduced; if the compression is substantial, or lossy data is decompressed and recompressed, this may become noticeable in the form of compression artifacts. Whether these affect the perceived quality, and if so how much, depends on the compression scheme, encoder power, the characteristics of the input data, the listener's perceptions, the listener's familiarity with artifacts, and the listening or viewing environment. The bitrates in this section are approximately the minimum that the average listener in a typical listening or viewing environment, when using the best available compression, would perceive as not significantly worse than the reference standard: Audio MP3 32 kbit/s - MW AM quality 96 kbit/s - FM quality 128-160 kbit/s - Standard Bitrate quality; difference can sometimes be obvious e.g. bass qualitycitation needed 192 kbit/s - DAB Digital Audio Broadcasting quality.citation needed 224-320 kbit/s - Near CD quality. Other audio 800 bit/s - minimum necessary for recognizable speech using special-purpose FS-1015 speech codecs 8 kbit/s - telephone quality using speech codecs 500 kbit/s-1 Mbit/s - lossless audio as used in formats such as FLAC, WavPack or Monkey's Audio 1411 kbit/s - PCM sound format of Compact Disc Digital Audio Video MPEG2 16 kbit/s - videophone quality minimum necessary for a consumer-acceptable talking head picture 128 - 384 kbit/s - business-oriented videoconferencing system quality 1.25 Mbit/s - VCD quality 5 Mbit/s - DVD quality 15 Mbit/s - HDTV quality 36 Mbit/s - HD DVD quality 54 Mbit/s - Blu-ray Disc quality Notes For technical reasons hardware/software protocols, overheads, encoding schemes, etc. the actual bitrates used by some of the compared-to devices may be significantly higher than what is listed above. For example: Telephone circuits using µlaw or A-law companding pulse code modulation - 64 kbit/s CDs using CDDA - 1.4 Mbit/s See also average bitrate available bitrate Bandwidth computing Baud symbol rate clock rate code rate constant bitrate data signaling rate goodput line rate list of device bandwidths measuring network throughput spectral efficiency throughput variable bitrate References Maximum PC - Do Higher MP3 Bit Rates Pay Off? This article contains material from the Federal Standard 1037C in support of MIL-STD-188, which, as a work of the United States Government, is in the public domain. January 2008 External links Bandwidth conversion CaMoPyRo's Experiments, easy conversion from kbit/s to MB/h to GB/day to TB/month, etc. Bandwidth calculator online VoIP Bandwidth Calculator - Given a codec type and sample period calculate the actual IP and Ethernet bandwidth. VoIP Bandwidth Calculation White Paper - Companion paper to the above calculator explaining how Voice becomes Voice over IP. StreamingMarketplace.com Calculate streaming bandwidth and storage. DVD-HQ bitrate calculator Calculate bitrate for various types of digital video media. Bitrates of DVB-S TV and radio channels Linowsat - daily updated audio and video bitrates of European satellites. v d e Data compression methods Lossless Theory Entropy · Complexity · Redundancy Entropy encoding Huffman · Adaptive Huffman · Arithmetic Shannon-Fano · Range · Golomb · Exp-Golomb · Universal Elias · Fibonacci Dictionary RLE · DEFLATE · LZ Family LZ77/78 · LZSS · LZW · LZWL · LZO · LZMA · LZX · LZJB · LZT Others CTW · BWT · PPM · DMC Audio Theory Convolution · Sampling · Nyquist-Shannon theorem Audio codec parts LPC LAR · LSP · WLPC · CELP · ACELP · A-law · μ-law · MDCT · Fourier transform · Psychoacoustic model Others Dynamic range compression · Speech compression · Sub-band coding Image Terms Color space · Pixel · Chroma subsampling · Compression artifact Methods RLE · Fractal · Wavelet · EZW · SPIHT · DCT · KLT Others Bit rate · Test images · PSNR quality measure · Quantization Video Terms Video Characteristics · Frame · Frame types · Video quality Video codec parts Motion compensation · DCT · Quantization Others Video codecs · Rate distortion theory CBR · ABR · VBR Timeline of information theory, data compression, and error-correcting codes See Compression Formats and Standards for formats and Compression Software Implementations for codecs Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Bit_rate Categories: Data transmission | Units of measureHidden categories: articles needing clarification | All articles with statements | Articles with statements since August 2008 | articles incorporating text from the Federal Standard 1037C | Articles needing additional references from January 2008 Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages БългарÑ?ки Català Česky Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Français Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português РуÑ?Ñ?кий SlovenÄ?ina Suomi УкраїнÑ?ька ä¸æ–‡ This page was last modified on 10 September 2008, at 16:49
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