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14-September-2008 18:02:45 - Body water In medicine, body water is all of the water content of the human body. A significant fraction of the human body is water. Lean muscle tissue contains about 75% water. Blood contains 95% water, body fat contains 14% water and bone has 22% water. In diseased states where body water is affected, the compartment or compartments that have changed can give clues to the nature of the problem. Body water is regulated by hormones, including anti-diuretic hormone ADH, aldosterone and atrial natriuretic peptide. There are many methods that can be used to determine body water. One way to get a simple estimate is by calculation. Contents 1 Calculation of body water 2 Measurement of body water 2.1 Dilution and equilibration 2.2 Bioelectrical impedance analysis 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Calculation of body water In individuals of normal weight, water is abundant in most parts of the body, except in adipose tissue fat. These calculations are for adults of average build, and are inappropriate for obese or overly muscular people. These proportions are very simplified and use round numbers for quick calculation. The largest component of the body is water. Water makes up between 45 and 75% of body weight, with the variability due primarily to differences in body fat. While most tissues including muscle, skin, and visceral organs are over 70% water, adipose tissue contains less than 10% water. The percentage of body weight that is water therefore varies inversely with body fat. In the average lean adult male around 60% of the body weight is water. The remaining body weight consists of 16-18% fat with 22-24% protein, carbohydrate and other solids. In the female the percentage of body weight that is water is lower due to a relatively greater amount of subcutaneous fat. 1 Body water is broken down into the following compartments:1 Intracellular fluid 2/3 of Body Water Extracellular fluid 1/3 of Body Water Plasma 1/4 of Extracellular fluid Interstitial fluid 3/4 of Extracellular fluid Transcellular fluid normally ignored in calculations Contained inside organs, such as the gastrointestinal, cerebrospinal, and ocular fluids. Measurement of body water Dilution and equilibration Total body water can be determined using Flowing afterglow mass spectrometry FA-MS measurement of deuterium abundance in breath samples from individuals. A known dose of deuterated water Heavy water, D2O is ingested and allowed to equilibrate within the body water. The FA-MS instrument then measures the deuterium-to-hydrogen D:H ratio in the exhaled breath water vapour. The total body water is then accurately measured from the increase in breath deuterium content in relation to the volume of D2O ingested. Different substances can be used to measure different fluid compartments:2 total body water: tritiated water or deuterium extracellular fluid: inulin blood plasma: Evans blue Bioelectrical impedance analysis Another method of determining total body water percentage TBW% is via Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis BIA. In the traditional BIA method, a person lies on a cot and spot electrodes are placed on the hands and bare feet. Electrolyte gel is applied first, and then a current of 50 kHz is introduced. BIA has emerged as a promising technique because of its simplicity, low cost, high reproducibility and noninvasiveness. BIA prediction equations can be either generalized or population-specific, allowing this method to be potentially very accurate. Selecting the appropriate equation is important to determining the quality of the results. For clinical purposes, scientists are developing a multi-frequency BIA method that may further improve the method's ability to predict a person's hydration level. New segmental BIA equipment that uses more electrodes may lead to more precise measurements of specific parts of the body. Ingesting pure water has been proven to cause unrepeatable and erroneous results with the BIA system. This is according to RJL Systems http://www.rjlsystems.com See also Body fat percentage References ^ John T. Hansen, Bruce M. Koeppen, 2002. Netter's Atlas of Human Physiology. Teterboro, N.J: Icon Learning Systems. ISBN 1-929007-01-9. ^ Physiology at MCG 7/7ch02/7ch02p13 External links MeSH Body+water MeSH Body+fluid+compartments v d e Urinary system, physiology: renal physiology and acid base physiology Filtration Renal blood flow - Ultrafiltration - Countercurrent exchange Hormones affecting filtration Antidiuretic hormone ADH - Aldosterone - Atrial natriuretic peptide Secretion/clearance Pharmacokinetics - Clearance of medications Reabsorption Solvent drag - Na+ - Cl- - urea - glucose - oligopeptides - protein Endocrine Renin - Erythropoietin EPO - Calcitriol Active vitamin D - Prostaglandins Assessing Renal function/ Measures of dialysis Glomerular filtration rate - Creatinine clearance - Renal clearance ratio - Urea reduction ratio - Kt/V - Standardized Kt/V - Hemodialysis product - PAH clearance Effective renal plasma flow - Extraction ratio Acid base physiology Fluid balance - Darrow Yannet diagram - Body water - Interstitial fluid - Extracellular fluid - Intracellular fluid/Cytosol - Plasma - Transcellular fluid - Base excess - Davenport diagram - Anion gap - Arterial blood gas Buffering/compensation Bicarbonate buffering system - Respiratory compensation - Renal compensation Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Body_water Categories: Water | Humans Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages Dansk Deutsch This page was last modified on 3 August 2008, at 00:29
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