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14-September-2008 18:02:35 - Brain damage Merge arrows It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Acquired brain injury. Discuss May 2007 For other uses, see Brain damage disambiguation. Neuropsychology Topics Brain-computer interface Traumatic brain injury Brain regions Clinical neuropsychology Cognitive neuroscience Human brain Neuroanatomy Neurophysiology Phrenology Common misconceptions Brain functions arousal attention consciousness decision making executive functions natural language learning memory motor coordination sensory perception planning problem solving thought People Arthur L. Benton David Bohm António Damásio Phineas Gage Norman Geschwind Elkhonon Goldberg Donald O. Hebb Kenneth Heilman Muriel Lezak Benjamin Libet Rodolfo Llinás Alexander Luria Brenda Milner Karl H. Pribram Oliver Sacks Roger W. Sperry H. M. K. C. Tests Bender-Gestalt Test Benton Visual Retention Test Clinical Dementia Rating Continuous Performance Task Glasgow Coma Scale Hayling and Brixton tests Lexical decision task Mini-mental state examination Stroop effect Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale Wisconsin card sorting Tools Johari Window Mind and Brain Portal This box: view talk Brain damage, or acquired brain injury, is the destruction or degeneration of brain cells. Brain damage may occur due to a wide range of conditions, illnesses, injuries, and as a result of iatrogenesis. Possible causes of widespread diffuse brain damage include prolonged hypoxia shortage of oxygen, poisoning by teratogens including alcohol, infection, and neurological illness. Chemotherapy can cause brain damage to the neural stem cells and oligodendrocyte cells that produce myelin. Common causes of focal or localized brain damage are physical trauma traumatic brain injury, stroke, aneurysm, surgery, or neurological illness. The extent and effect of brain injury is often assessed by the use of neurological examination, neuroimaging, and neuropsychological assessment. Brain injury does not necessarily result in long-term impairment or disability, although the location and extent of damage both have a significant effect on the likely outcome. In serious cases of brain injury, the result can be permanent disability, including neurocognitive deficits, delusions often specifically monothematic delusions, speech or movement problems, and mental handicap. There may also be personality changes. Severe brain damage may result in persistent vegetative state, coma, or death. Brain injury whether from stroke, alcohol abuse, traumatic brain injury, or B vitamin deficiency can sometimes result in Korsakoff's Psychosis, where the individual engages in confabulations. Confabulations involve the inability to separate daydream memory from real memory and the filling in of memory lapses with daydreams. Korsakoff's Psychosis can be easily mis-diagnosed as schizophrenia. Lithium treatment is sometimes helpful. Various professions may be involved in the medical care and rehabilitation of someone who suffers impairment after brain damage. Neurologists, neurosurgeons, and physiatrists are physicians who specialise in treating brain injury. Neuropsychologists especially clinical neuropsychologists are psychologists who specialise in understanding the effects of brain injury and may be involved in assessing the extent of brain damage or creating rehabilitation programmes. Occupational therapists may be involved in running rehabilitation programs to help restore lost function or help re-learn essential skills. It is a common misconception that brain damage sustained during childhood has a better chance of successful recovery than similar injury acquired in adult life. It is contested that in recent studies, severe brain damage inflicted upon children can be alleviated by the interaction of nicotinamide repropagation in nerve cells. In fact, the consequences of childhood injury may simply be more difficult to detect in the short term. This is because different cortical areas mature at different stages, with some major cell populations and their corresponding cognitive faculties remaining unrefined until early adulthood. In the case of a child with frontal brain injury, for example, the impact of the damage may be undetectable until that child fails to develop normal executive functions in his or her late teens and early twenties. The effects of impairment or disability resulting from brain injury may be treated by a number of methods, including medication, psychotherapy, neuropsychological rehabilitation, snoezelen, surgery, or physical implants such as deep brain stimulation. See also Cerebral Palsy Epilepsy Fetal alcohol syndrome Head injury Lobotomy Frontal lobe injury Neurocognitive deficit Neurology Primary and secondary brain injury Rehabilitation neuropsychology Traumatic brain injury External links Head and Brain Injuries from MedlinePlus Dr.Diane.com Information on brain injury and related rehabilitation services. Fact sheets on brain damage, its effects, and strategies for survivors and their families Brain Damage Research from ScienceDaily TBI Resource Guide Central source of information, services and products relating to brain injury, brain injury recovery, and post-acute rehabilitation. Recovery from Acquired Brain Injury from the Psychology Wiki 1 Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Brain_damage Categories: All articles to be merged | Neurotrauma | Neurosurgery | Neurology | Causes of deathHidden categories: Articles to be merged since May 2008 | Articles lacking sources from May 2007 | All articles lacking sources Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages Deutsch Dansk í•œêµì–´ Ã?slenska Português Simple English Suomi Simple English Svenska This page was last modified on 19 August 2008, at 21:41
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