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14-September-2008 18:02:42 - Chemokine receptor Typical structure of a chemokine receptor, with seven transmembrane domains and a characteristic DRY motif in the second intracellular domain. Chemokine receptors are usually linked to a G-protein through which they signal. Typical structure of a chemokine receptor, with seven transmembrane domains and a characteristic DRY motif in the second intracellular domain. Chemokine receptors are usually linked to a G-protein through which they signal. Chemokine receptors are cytokine receptors found on the surface of certain cells, which interact with a type of cytokine called a chemokine.12 There have been 19 distinct chemokine receptors described in mammals. They each have a 7 transmembrane 7TM structure and couple to G-protein for signal transduction within a cell, making them members of a large protein family of G protein-coupled receptors. Following interaction with their specific chemokine ligands, chemokine receptors trigger a flux in intracellular calcium Ca2+ ions calcium signaling. This causes cell responses, including the onset of a process known as chemotaxis that traffics the cell to a desired location within the organism. Chemokine receptors are divided into different families, CXC chemokine receptors, CC chemokine receptors, CX3C chemokine receptors and XC chemokine receptors that correspond to the 4 distinct subfamilies of chemokines they bind. Contents 1 Structural characteristics 2 Signal Transduction 3 Families 4 References 5 External links Structural characteristics Chemokine receptors are G protein-coupled receptors containing 7 transmembrane domains that are found predominantly on the surface of leukocytes. Approximately 19 different chemokine receptors have been characterized to date, which share many common structural features; they are composed of about 350 amino acids that are divided into a short and acidic N-terminal end, seven helical transmembrane domains with three intracellular and three extracellular hydrophilic loops, and an intracellular C-terminus containing serine and threonine residues that act as phosphorylation sites during receptor regulation. The first two extracellular loops of chemokine receptors are linked together by disulfide bonding between two conserved cysteine residues. The N-terminal end of a chemokine receptor binds to chemokines and is important for ligand specificity. G-proteins couple to the C-terminal end, which is important for receptor signaling following ligand binding. Although chemokine receptors share high amino acid identity in their primary sequences, they typically bind a limited number of ligands.3 Signal Transduction For more details on this topic, see G protein. Intracellular signaling by chemokine receptors is dependent on neighbouring G-proteins. G-proteins exist as a heterotrimer; they are composed of three distinct subunits. When the molecule GDP is bound to the G-protein subunit, the G-protein is in an inactive state. Following binding of the chemokine ligand, chemokine receptors associate with G-proteins, allowing the exchange of GDP for another molecule called GTP, and the dissociation of the different G protein subunits. The subunit called Gβ activates an enzyme known as Phospholipase C PLC that is associated with the cell membrane. PLC cleaves Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate PIP2 to form two second messenger molecules called inositol triphosphate IP3 and diacylglycerol DAG; DAG activates another enzyme called protein kinase C PKC, and IP3 triggers the release of calcium from intracellular stores. These events promote many signaling cascades, effecting a cellular response. For example, when CXCL8 IL-8 binds to its specific receptors, CXCR1 or CXCR2, a rise in intracellular calcium activates the enzyme phospholipase D PLD that goes on to initiate an intracellular signaling cascade called the MAP kinase pathway. At the same time the G-protein subunit Gα directly activates an enzyme called protein tyrosine kinase PTK, which phosphorylates serine and threonine residues in the tail of the chemokine receptor causing its desensitisation or inactivation. The initiated MAP kinase pathway activates specific cellular mechanisms involved in chemotaxis, degranulation, release of superoxide anions and changes in the avidity of cell adhesion molecules called integrins.3 Families CXC chemokine receptors seven members CC chemokine receptors ten/eleven members C chemokine receptors one member, XCR1 CX3C chemokine receptors one member, CX3CR1 References ^ Murphy PM, Baggiolini M, Charo IF, Hébert CA, Horuk R, Matsushima K, Miller LH, Oppenheim JJ, Power CA 2000. International union of pharmacology. XXII. Nomenclature for chemokine receptors abstract page. Pharmacol. Rev. 52 1: 145-76. PMID 10699158. ^ Murphy PM 2002. International Union of Pharmacology. XXX. Update on chemokine receptor nomenclature. Pharmacol. Rev. 54 2: 227-9. doi:10.1124/pr.54.2.227. PMID 12037138. ^ a b Murdoch C, Finn A 2000. Chemokine receptors and their role in inflammation and infectious diseases. Blood 95 10: 3032-43. PMID 10807766. Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Immunology Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Cell biology External links IUPHAR GPCR Database - Chemokine receptors The Cytokine Receptor Database v d e Transmembrane receptor: G protein-coupled receptors Class A: Rhodopsin like Adrenergic α1 A, B, D, α2 A, B, C, β1, β2, β3 Eicosanoid CysLT 1, 2, LTB4 1, 2, FPRL1, OXE, Prostaglandin DP, EP 1, 2, 3, 4, PGF, Prostacyclin, Thromboxane Neuropeptide B/W 1, 2, FF 1, 2, S, Y 1, 2, 4, 5 Orphan GPR 1, 3, 4, 6, 12, 15, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 25, 26, 27, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 37, 39, 42, 44, 45, 50, 52, 55, 61, 62, 63, 65, 68, 75, 77, 78, 79, 82, 83, 84, 85, 87, 88, 92, 101, 103, 119, 120, 132, 135, 139, 141, 142, 146, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 160, 161, 162, 171, 172, 173, 174, 176, 177, 182 Purinergics Adenosine A1, A2a, A2b, A3, P2Y, 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 Serotonin all but 5-HT3 5-HT1 A, B, D, E, F, 5-HT2 A, B, C, 5-HT 4, 5A, 6, 7 Other Acetylcholine M1, M2, M3, M4, M5 - Adrenomedullin - Anaphylatoxin C3a, C5a - Angiotensin 1, 2 - Apelin - Bile acid - Bombesin BRS3, GRPR, NMBR - Bradykinin B1, B2 - Cannabinoid CB1, CB2 - Chemokine - Cholecystokinin A, B - Dopamine D1, D2, D3, D4, D5 - EBI2 - Endothelin A, B - Estrogen - Formyl peptide 1, L1, L2 - Free fatty acid 1, 2, 3, 4 - FSH - Galanin 1, 2, 3 - Gonadotropin-releasing hormone 1, 2 - Ghrelin - Histamine H1, H2, H3, H4 - Kisspeptin - Luteinizing hormone/choriogonadotropin - Lysophospholipid 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 - MAS 1, 1L, D, E, F, G, X1, X2, X3, X4 - Melanocortin 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 - MCHR 1, 2 - Melatonin 1A, 1B- Motilin - neuromedin B, U 1, 2 - Neurotensin 1, 2 - Opioid Delta, Kappa, Mu, Nociceptin, but not Sigma - Olfactory - Opsin 3, 4, 5, 1LW, 1MW, 1SW, RGR, RRH - Orexin 1, 2 - Oxytocin - Oxoglutarate - PAF - Prokineticin 1, 2 - Prolactin-releasing peptide - Protease-activated 1, 2, 3, 4 - Relaxin 1, 2, 3, 4 - Somatostatin 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 - SREB - Succinate - TAAR 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 8, 9 - Tachykinin 1, 2, 3 - Thyrotropin - Thyrotropin-releasing hormone - Urotensin-II - Vasopressin 1A, 1B, 2 Class B: Secretin like Brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor 1, 2, 3 - Cadherin 1, 2, 3 - Calcitonin - CD97 - Corticotropin-releasing hormone 1, 2 - EMR 1, 2, 3 - Glucagon GR, GIPR, GLP1R, GLP2R - Growth hormone releasing hormone - PACAPR1- GPR 56, 64, 97, 98, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 123, 124, 125, 126, 128, 133, 143, 144, 157 - Latrophilin 1, 2, 3, ELTD1 - Parathyroid hormone 1, 2 - Secretin - Vasoactive intestinal peptide 1, 2 Class C: Metabotropic glutamate / pheromone Calcium-sensing receptor - GABA B 1, 2 - Glutamate receptor Metabotropic glutamate 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 - GPRC6A - GPR 156, 158, 179 - RAIG 1, 2, 3, 4 - Taste receptors TAS1R 1, 2, 3 TAS2R 1, 3, 4, 5, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 16, 38, 39, 40, 41, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50 Frizzled / Smoothened Frizzled 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 - Smoothened v d e Transmembrane receptors: immune receptors Cytokine receptor Type I Interleukins 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 11, 12, 13, 15, 21, 23, 27, CSF receptors EPO, GM-CSF, G-CSF, GH, prolactin, Oncostatin M,Leukemia inhibitory factor - common subunits Common gamma chain, common beta chain, CSF2RB Type II Interleukins 10, 20, 22, 28 - interferon -α/β, -γ Ig superfamily CSF1, C-kit, IL-1, IL-18 TNF CD27, CD30, CD40, CD120, Lymphotoxin β Chemokines IL-8 α, β, CCR1,CXCR4 Other IL-17, TGF-beta 1, 2 Pattern recognition/Toll-like TLR 1 - TLR 2 - TLR 3 - TLR 4 - TLR 5 - TLR 6 - TLR 7 - TLR 8 - TLR 9 - TLR 10 Fc receptor ε FcεRI, FcεRII γ FcγRI, FcγRII, FcγRIII, Neonatal α/μ FcαRI, Fcα/μR Lymphocyte homing receptor CD44 - L-selectin - integrin VLA-4, LFA-1 other Antigen receptor B-cell, T cell - Complement - Formyl peptide - Immunophilins - Integrin - Killer-cell immunoglobulin-like - Scavenger v d e G protein-coupled receptors, cytokine receptors: chemokine receptors CC chemokine receptors CCR1 - CCRL1 - CCR2 - CCRL2 - CCR3 - CCR4 - CCR5 - CCR6 - CCR7 - CCR8 - CCR9 - CCR10 CXC chemokine receptors CXCR1 - CXCR2 - CXCR3 - CXCR4 - CXCR5 - CXCR6 - CXCR7 Other CCBP2 - CMKLR1 - CX3CR1 - XCR1 Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Chemokine_receptor Categories: Cell signaling | Signal transduction | Chemokine receptors | Cell biology | Integral membrane proteins Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages Deutsch 中文 This page was last modified on 27 August 2008, at 10:4
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So many of us do not eat a balanced diet, get enough sleep, have too much stress, or are impacted with toxins and pollutants. Drinking 2 ounces of MonaVie twice a day will help your body detoxify as well as build your immune system. Its the smartest thing you can do for yourself, so start today. Buying MonaVie through our company guarantees you support 7 days a week and, if you would like to share MonaVie with your family and friends we will guide you from start to finish.
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