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14-September-2008 18:02:35 - Chinese herbology See herbalism for the non-Chinese tradition of herbology. Traditional Chinese medicine shop in Hong Kong Traditional Chinese medicine shop in Hong Kong Chinese Herbology simplified Chinese: ä¸è?¯å¦; traditional Chinese: ä¸è—¥å¸; pinyin: ZhÅ?ngyà o xué, is the common name for the subject of Chinese materia medica. It includes the basic theory of Chinese materia medica, crude medicine, prepared drug in pieces simplified Chinese: 饮片; traditional Chinese: 飲片; pinyin: yÇ?npià n and traditional Chinese patent medicines and simple preparations' source, collection and preparation, performance, efficacy, and clinical applications. Chinese materia medica simplified Chinese: ä¸è?¯; traditional Chinese: ä¸è—¥; pinyin: ZhÅ?ngyà o, is also the medicine based on traditional Chinese medicine theory. it includes Chinese crude medicine, prepared drug in pieces of Chinese materia medica, traditional Chinese patent medicines and simple preparations, etc. Herbology is the Chinese art of combining medicinal herbs. Herbology is traditionally one of the more important modalities utilized in traditional Chinese medicine TCM. Each herbal medicine prescription is a cocktail of many herbs tailored to the individual patient. One batch of herbs is typically decocted twice over the course of one hour. The practitioner usually designs a remedy using one or two main ingredients that target the illness. Then the practitioner adds many other ingredients to adjust the formula to the patient's yin/yang conditions. Sometimes, ingredients are needed to cancel out toxicity or side-effects of the main ingredients. Some herbs require the use of other ingredients as catalyst or else the brew is ineffective. The latter steps require great experience and knowledge, and make the difference between a good Chinese herbal doctor and an amateur. Unlike western medications, the balance and interaction of all the ingredients are considered more important than the effect of individual ingredients. A key to success in TCM is the treatment of each patient as an individual. Ginger is consumed in China as food and as medicine Ginger is consumed in China as food and as medicine Chinese herbology often incorporates ingredients from all parts of plants, the leaf, stem, flower, root, and also ingredients from animals and minerals. The use of parts of endangered species such as seahorses, rhinoceros horns, and tiger bones has created controversy and resulted in a black market of poachers who hunt restricted animals. Many herbal manufacturers have discontinued the use of any parts from endangered animals. Contents 1 History of Chinese herbology 2 Categorizing Chinese herbs 2.1 The Four Natures 2.2 The Five Tastes 2.3 The Meridians 3 Chinese patent medicine 4 50 fundamental herbs 5 References 5.1 Footnotes 5.2 General references 6 See also 7 External links 7.1 Educational resources History of Chinese herbology Chinese pharmacopoeia Chinese pharmacopoeia Chinese herbs have been used for centuries. The first herbalist in Chinese tradition is Shennong, a mythical personage, who is said to have tasted hundreds of herbs and imparted his knowledge of medicinal and poisonous plants to the agricultural people. The first Chinese manual on pharmacology, the Shennong Bencao Jing Shennong Emperor's Classic of Materia Medica, lists some 365 medicines of which 252 of them are herbs, and dates back somewhere in the 1st century C.E. Han dynasty. Earlier literature included lists of prescriptions for specific ailments, exemplified by a manuscript Recipes for 52 Ailments, found in the Mawangdui tomb, sealed in 168 B.C.E. Succeeding generations augmented on this work, as in the Yaoxing Lun 藥性論; also spelled Yao Xing Lun; literally Treatise on the Nature of Medicinal Herbs, a 7th century Tang Dynasty Chinese treatise on herbal medicine. Arguably the most important of these was the Compendium of Materia Medica Bencao Gangmu compiled during the Ming dynasty by Li Shizhen, which is still used today for consultation and reference. The history of this literature is presented in Paul U. Unschuld's Medicine in China: a History of Pharmaceutics; Univ. of Calif. Press, 1986. Categorizing Chinese herbs Chinese physicians used several different methods to classify traditional Chinese herbs: The Four Natures 四氣 or 四性 The Five Tastes 五味 The Meridians æ¸ç¶“ The earlier Han through Tang eras Ben Cao Materia Medicae began with a three-level categorization: Low level -- drastic acting, toxic substances; Middle level -- medicinal physiological effects; High level -- health and spirit enhancement During the neo-Confucian Song-Jin-Yuan era 10th to 12th Centuries, the theoretical framework from acupuncture theory which was rooted in Confucian Han theory was formally applied to herbal categorization which was earlier more the domain of Daoist natural science. In particular, alignment with the Five Phases Tastes and the 12 channels Meridians theory came to be used after this period. The Four Natures This pertains to the degree of yin and yang, ranging from cold extreme yin, cool, neutral to warm and hot extreme yang. The patient's internal balance of yin and yang is taken into account when the herbs are selected. For example, medicinal herbs of hot, yang nature are used when the person is suffering from internal cold that requires to be purged, or when the patient has a general cold constituency. Sometimes an ingredient is added to offset the extreme effect of one herb. The Five Tastes The five tastes are pungent, sweet, sour, bitter and salty, each of which their functions and characteristics. For example, pungent herbs are used to generate sweat and to direct and vitalize qi and the blood. Sweet-tasting herbs often tonify or harmonize bodily systems. Some sweet-tasting herbs also exhibit a bland taste, which helps drain dampness through diuresis. Sour taste most often is astringent or consolidates, while bitter taste dispels heat, purges the bowels and get rid of dampness by drying them out. Salty tastes soften hard masses as well as purge and open the bowels. The Meridians The Meridians refer to which organs the herb acts upon. For example, menthol is pungent, cool and is linked with the lungs and the liver. Since the lungs is the organ which protects the body from invasion from cold and influenza, menthol can help purge coldness in the lungs and invading heat toxins caused by hot wind. Chinese patent medicine Main article: Chinese patent medicine Characteristic little black pills of Chinese patent medicine Characteristic little black pills of Chinese patent medicine Chinese patent medicine traditional Chinese: ä¸æˆ?è—¥, Simplified Chinese: ä¸æˆ?è?¯, pinyin: zhÅ?ng chéng yà o is a kind of traditional Chinese medicine. They are standardized herbal formulas. Several herbs and other ingredients are dried and ground. They are then mixed into a powder and formed into pills. The binder is traditionally honey. They are characteristically little round black pills. Chinese patent medicines are easy and convenient. They are not easy to customize on a patient-by-patient basis, however. They are best used when a patient's condition is not severe and the medicine can be taken as a long-term treatment. These medicines are not patented in the traditional sense of the word. No one has exclusive rights to the formula. Instead, patent refers to the standardization of the formula. All Chinese patent medicines of the same name will have the same proportions of ingredients. 50 fundamental herbs In Chinese herbology, there are 50 fundamental herbs.1 These include: Agastache rugosa2 - huò xiÄ?ng 藿香3 Alangium chinense4 - bÄ? jiÇŽo fÄ“ng 八角枫5 Anemone chinensis syn. Pulsatilla chinensis6 - bái tóu weng 白头ç¿?78 Anisodus tanguticus - shÄ?n là ng dà ng 山莨è?ª9 Ardisia japonica - zÇ? jÄ«n niú 紫金牛10 Aster tataricus - zÇ? wÇŽn ç´«è?€ Astragalus propinquus syn. Astragalus membranaceus11 - huáng qà 黄芪12 or bÄ›i qà 北芪12 Camellia sinensis - chá shù èŒ¶æ ‘ or chá yè 茶å?¶ Cannabis sativa - dà má 大麻 Carthamus tinctorius - hóng huÄ? 红花 Cinnamomum cassia - ròu gùi 肉桂 Cissampelos pareira - xà shÄ“ng téng 锡生藤 or 亞乎奴 Coptis chinensis - duÇŽn è huáng lián çŸè?¼é»„è¿ž Corydalis ambigua - yán hú suÇ’ 延胡索 Croton tiglium - bÄ? dòu 巴豆 Daphne genkwa - yuán huÄ? 芫花 Datura metel - yáng jÄ«n huÄ? 洋金花 Datura stramonium syn. Datura tatula13 - zÇ? huÄ? mà n tuó luó 紫花曼陀è?? Dendrobium nobile - shà hú 石斛 or shà hú lán 石斛兰 Dichroa febrifuga14 - cháng shÄ?n 常山 Ephedra sinica - cÇŽo má huáng è?‰éº»é»„ Eucommia ulmoides - dù zhòng æ?œä»² Euphorbia pekinensis15 - dà jÇ? 大戟 Flueggea suffruticosa formerly Securinega suffruticosa - yÄ« yè qiÅ« 一å?¶ç§‹16 Forsythia suspensa - liánqià o 连翘 Gentiana loureiroi - dì dÄ«ng 地ä¸? Glsia sinensis - zà o jiá çš‚è?š Glycyrrhiza uralensis - gÄ?n cÇŽo 甘è?‰17 Hydnocarpus anthelminticus syn. H. anthelminthica - dà fÄ“ng zÇ? 大风å? Ilex purpurea - dÅ?ngqÄ«ng 冬é?’ Leonurus japonicus - yì mÇ” cÇŽo 益æ¯?è?‰ Ligusticum wallichii18 - chuÄ?n xiÅ?ng å·?芎 Lobelia chinensis - bà n biÄ?n lián å?Šè¾¹èŽ² Phellodendron amurense - huáng bÇŽi 黄æŸ? Platycladus orientalis formerly Thuja orientalis - cèbÇŽi 侧æŸ? Pseudolarix amabilis - jÄ«n qián sÅ?ng 金钱æ?¾ Psilopeganum sinense - shÄ?n má huáng 山麻黄 Pueraria lobata - gé gÄ“n è‘›æ ¹ Rauwolfia serpentina - shégÄ“nmù è›‡æ ¹æœ¨, cóng shégÄ“nmù å¾žè›‡æ ¹æœ¨, or yìndù shé mù å?°åº¦è›‡æœ¨ Rehmannia glutinosa - dìhuáng 地黄 or gÄ?n dìhuáng 干地黄19 Rheum officinale - yà o yòng dà huáng è?¯ç”¨å¤§é»„ Rhododendron tsinghaiense - QÄ«ng hÇŽi dù juÄ?n é?’æµ·æ?œé¹ƒ Saussurea costus - yún mù xiÄ?ng 云木香 Schisandra chinensis - wÇ” wèi zi 五味å? Scutellaria baicalensis - huáng qÃn 黄芩 Stemona tuberosa - bÇŽi bù 百部 Stephania tetrandra - fáng jÇ? 防己 Styphnolobium japonicum formerly Sophora japonica - huái æ§?, huái shù æ§?æ ‘, or huái huÄ? æ§?花 Trichosanthes kirilowii - guÄ? lóu æ ?楼 Wikstroemia indica - liÇŽo gÄ“ wáng 了哥王 References Footnotes ^ Wong, Ming 1976. La Médecine chinoise par les plantes. Le Corps a Vivre series. Éditions Tchou. ^ Agastache rugosa - Plants For A Future database report. Retrieved on 2008-02-14. ^ Agastache rugosa in Flora of China @ efloras.org. Retrieved on 2008-02-19. ^ Alangium chinense - Plants For A Future database report. Plants for a Future June 2004. Retrieved on 2008-02-05. ^ Alangium chinense in Flora of China @ efloras.org. Retrieved on 2008-02-14. ^ Anemone chinensis information from NPGS/GRIN. USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program.. Retrieved on 2008-02-05. ^ Anemone chinensis information from NPGS/GRIN. USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program.. Retrieved on 2008-02-05. ^ Alangium chinense in Flora of China @ efloras.org. Retrieved on 2008-02-14. ^ Anisodus tanguticus in Flora of China @efloras.org. Retrieved on 2008-02-05. ^ Flora of China: Ardisia japonica ^ Astragalus propinquus. ILDIS LegumeWeb. International Legume Database Information Service 2005-11-01. Retrieved on 2008-01-03. ^ a b Huang qi, Complementary and Alternative Healing University. Retrieved on 2008-02-19. ^ Datura stramonium information from NPGS/GRIN. Retrieved on 2008-02-05. ^ Dichroa febrifuga - Plants For A Future database report. Retrieved on 2008-02-05. ^ Euphorbia pekinensis - Plants For A Future database report. Retrieved on 2008-02-05. ^ Securinega suffruticosa - Plants For A Future database report. Retrieved on 2008-02-06. ^ Glycyrrhiza uralensis - Plants For A Future database report. Retrieved on 2008-02-08. ^ Ligusticum wallichii - Plants For A Future database report. Retrieved on 2008-02-21. ^ Rehmannia glutinosa General references Wong, Ming 1976. La Médecine chinoise par les plantes. Le Corps a Vivre series. Éditions Tchou. See also Chinese herbs Compendium of Materia Medica Herbalism, for the use of medicinal herbs in other traditions. Li Shizhen Medical plant certification Pharmacognosy Star anise Japanese star anise Traditional Chinese medicine Traditional Japanese medicine Traditional Korean medicine Yaoxing Lun External links Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Traditional Chinese medicine Herbs - A comprehensive listing of Chinese herbs grouped by their action Chinese herb dictionary Classic Formulae of Traditional Chinese Medicine Educational resources Acupuncture Integrative Medicine College, Berkeley | Acupuncture School - Chinese Herbal Medicine Berkeley, CA, USA Tai Sophia Institute - Chinese Herb Certificate Program Laurel, MD, USA Institute of Chinese Herbology Concord, CA, USA v d e Medicinal herbs and fungi Herbs Cannabis Za'atar Caraway Cardamom Ginger Ginseng Regional practices Chinese herbology Related subjects Alternative medicine Herbal tea Homeopathy Herbalism Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Chinese_herbology Categories: Medicinal plants | Traditional Chinese medicine | Pharmacy | Plants used in Traditional Chinese medicine Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages Español Français 日本語 Português 粵語 ä¸æ–‡ This page was last modified on 24 August 2008, at 09:41
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