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14-September-2008 18:02:45 - Cholecystokinin Cholecystokinin Identifiers Symbols CCK; MGC117187 External IDs OMIM: 118440 MGI: 88297 HomoloGene: 583 Gene ontology Molecular function: neuropeptide hormone activity Cellular component: extracellular region soluble fraction axon Biological process: neuron migration signal transduction axonogenesis eating behavior RNA expression pattern More reference expression data Orthologs Human Mouse Entrez 885 12424 Ensembl ENSG00000187094 ENSMUSG00000032532 Uniprot P06307 Q53WS9 Refseq NM_000729 mRNA NP_000720 protein NM_031161 mRNA NP_112438 protein Location Chr 3: 42.27 - 42.28 Mb Chr 9: 121.34 - 121.34 Mb Pubmed search 1 2 CCK identified at bottom right. CCK identified at bottom right. Cholecystokinin CCK; from Greek chole, bile; cysto, sac; kinin, move; hence, move the bile-sac gallbladder is a peptide hormone of the gastrointestinal system responsible for stimulating the digestion of fat and protein. Cholecystokinin, previously called pancreozymin, is synthesised by I-cells in the mucosal epithelium of the small intestine and secreted in the duodenum, the first segment of the small intestine, and causes the release of digestive enzymes and bile from the pancreas and gallbladder, respectively. It also acts as a hunger suppressant. Recent evidence has suggested that it also plays a major role in inducing drug tolerance to opioids like morphine and heroin, and is partly implicated in experiences of pain hypersensitivity during opioid withdrawal.12 Contents 1 Structure 2 Release and Function 2.1 Digestion 2.2 Neurobiology 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Structure CCK is composed of varying numbers of amino acids e.g., CCK58, CCK33, CCK8 depending on post-translational modification of the CCK gene product, preprocholecystokinin. CCK is very similar in structure to gastrin, another of the gastrointestinal hormones, so much so that the last five C-terminal amino acids are the same as those of gastrin. CCK58 comprises a helix-turn-helix configuration. Release and Function CCK mediates a number of physiological processes, including digestion and satiety. Digestion Secretion of CCK by the duodenal and intestinal mucosa is stimulated by fat- or protein-rich chyme entering the duodenum. It then inhibits gastric emptying and gastric acid secretion and mediates digestion in the duodenum. It stimulates acinar cell of pancreas to produce water, ion and stimulates the secretion of a juice rich in pancreatic digestive enzymes. Together these enzymes catalyze the digestion of fat, protein, and carbohydrates. Thus the levels of the substances which stimulated the release of CCK drop and the concentration of the hormone drops as well. The release of CCK is also inhibited by somatostatin. CCK also causes the increased production of hepatic bile, and stimulates the contraction of the gall bladder and the relaxation of the Sphincter of Oddi Glisson's sphincter, resulting in the delivery of bile into the duodenal part of the small intestine. Bile salts form amphipathic micelles that emulsify fats, aiding in their digestion and absorption. Neurobiology As a neuropeptide, CCK mediates satiety by acting on the CCK receptors distributed widely throughout the central nervous system. In humans, it has been suggested that CCK administration causes nausea and anxiety, and weakly decreases the desire to eat is the reason for CCK administration to induce a satiating effect. Some studies have given a strong correlation for the satiating effect, but have not proven or disproven that CCK administration causes nauseau or anxiety Benoit et al 2003.3 The mechanism for this hunger suppression is thought to be a decrease in the rate of gastric emptying.4 The cholecystokinin tetrapeptide fragment CCK-4 Trp-Met-Asp-Phe-NH2 reliably causes anxiety when administered to humans, and is commonly used in scientific research to induce panic attacks for the purpose of testing new anxiolytic drugs.5 The effects of CCK vary between individuals. For example, in rats, CCK administration significantly reduces hunger in young males, but is slightly less effective in older subjects, and even slightly less effective in females. The hunger-suppressive effects of CCK also are reduced in obese rats.6 See also Antianalgesia Cholecystokinin antagonist Proglumide References ^ Kissin I, Bright CA, Bradley EL 2000. Acute tolerance to continuously infused alfentanil: the role of cholecystokinin and N-methyl-D-aspartate-nitric oxide systems. Anesth. Analg. 91 1: 110-6. doi:10.1097/00000539-200007000-00021. PMID 10866896. ^ Fukazawa Y, Maeda T, Kiguchi N, Tohya K, Kimura M, Kishioka S 2007. Activation of spinal cholecystokinin and neurokinin-1 receptors is associated with the attenuation of intrathecal morphine analgesia following electroacupuncture stimulation in rats. J. Pharmacol. Sci. 104 2: 159-66. doi:10.1254/jphs.FP0070475. PMID 17558184. ^ Greenough A, Cole G, Lewis J, Lockton A, Blundell J 1998. Untangling the effects of hunger, anxiety, and nausea on energy intake during intravenous cholecystokinin octapeptide CCK-8 infusion. Physiol. Behav. 65 2: 303-10. doi:10.1016/S0031-93849800169-3. PMID 9855480. ^ Shillabeer G, Davison JS 1987. Proglumide, a cholecystokinin antagonist, increases gastric emptying in rats. Am. J. Physiol. 252 2 Pt 2: R353-60. PMID 3812772. ^ Bradwejn J. Neurobiological investigations into the role of cholecystokinin in panic disorder. Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience. 1993 Jul;184:178-88. PMID 8104032 ^ Fink H, Rex A, Voits M, Voigt JP 1998. Major biological actions of CCK--a critical evaluation of research findings. Exp Brain Res 123 1-2: 77-83. doi:10.1007/s002210050546. PMID 9835394. External links MeSH Cholecystokinin Physiology at MCG 6/6ch2/s6ch2_14 v d e Endocrine system: hormones/endocrine glands Peptide hormones, Steroid hormones Hypothalamic-pituitary Hypothalamus: TRH, CRH , GnRH, GHRH, somatostatin, dopamine - Posterior pituitary: vasopressin, oxytocin - Anterior pituitary: α FSH, LH, TSH, GH, prolactin, POMC ACTH, MSH, endorphins, lipotropin Adrenal axis Adrenal medulla: epinephrine, norepinephrine - Adrenal cortex: aldosterone, cortisol, DHEA Thyroid axis Thyroid: thyroid hormone T3 and T4 - calcitonin - Parathyroid: PTH Gonadal axis Testis: testosterone, AMH, inhibin - Ovary: estradiol, progesterone, inhibin/activin, relaxin pregnancy Other end. glands Pancreas: glucagon, insulin, somatostatin - Pineal gland: melatonin Non-end. glands Placenta: hCG, HPL, estrogen, progesterone - Kidney: renin, EPO, calcitriol, prostaglandin - Heart atrium: ANP - Stomach: gastrin, ghrelin - Duodenum: CCK, GIP, secretin, motilin, VIP - Ileum: enteroglucagon - Adipose tissue: leptin, adiponectin, resistin - Thymus: Thymosin - Thymopoietin - Thymulin - Skeleton: Osteocalcin - Liver/other: Insulin-like growth factor IGF-1, IGF-2 Target-derived NGF, BDNF, NT-3 v d e Digestive system, physiology: gastrointestinal physiology Enteric nervous system Meissner's plexus - Auerbach's plexus Exocrine Chief cells Pepsinogen - Parietal cells Gastric acid, Intrinsic factor - Goblet cells Mucus Endocrine/paracrine G cells gastrin, D cells somatostatin - ECL cells Histamine - enterogastrone: I cells CCK, K cells GIP, S cells secretin, Enteroendocrine cells Border Brunner's glands - Paneth cells - Enterocytes Fluids Saliva - Bile - Intestinal juice - Gastric juice - Pancreatic juice Processes Swallowing - Vomiting - Peristalsis Interstitial cell of Cajal - Migrating motor complex - Borborygmus - Gastrocolic reflex - Segmentation contractions - Defecation - Enterohepatic circulation v d e Peptides: neuropeptides Hypothalamic Somatostatin - CRH - GnRH - GHRH - Orexins - TRH - POMC ACTH, MSH, Lipotropin Gastrointestinal hormones Cholecystokinin - Gastric inhibitory polypeptide - Gastrin - Motilin - Secretin - Vasoactive intestinal peptide Other hormones Vasopressin - Calcitonin - Other Angiotensin - Bombesin/Neuromedin B - Calcitonin gene-related peptide - Carnosine - Delta sleep-inducing peptide - FMRFamide - Galanin - Gastrin releasing peptide - Kinins Bradykinin, Tachykinins - Neuromedin B, N, U - Neuropeptide Y - Neurophysins - Neurotensin - Opioid peptide - Pancreatic polypeptide - Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating peptide v d e Hormones: gastrointestinal hormones CCK - EGF - GIP - Gastrin releasing peptide - Gastrins - Proglucagon - Motilin - Peptide YY -Prokineticin - Secretin - VIP Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Cholecystokinin Categories: Genes on chromosome 3 | Human proteins | Hepatology | Intestinal hormones | NeuropeptidesHidden category: Protein pages needing a picture Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages Deutsch Þ‹Þ¨ÞˆÞ¬Þ€Þ¨Þ„Þ¦Þ?Þ° Español Français Italiano Nederlands Polski Português СрпÑ?ки / Srpski Suomi Svenska This page was last modified on 16 August 2008, at 20:55
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