Sierra Acai Company
Sierra Acai Company
Open 7 Days a Week
MonaVie Independent Distributor
Distributor Training
Shop Online
Enroll Now
Buy Wholesale and maintain an Active status for 2 months and we will refund your $39 Distributor Fee
Friends
Buy Wholesale and maintain an Active status for 2 months and we will refund your $39 Distributor Fee
14-September-2008 18:02:46 - Endorphin proopiomelanocortin adrenocorticotropin/ beta-lipotropin/ alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone/ beta-melanocyte stimulating hormone/ beta-endorphin Identifiers Symbol POMC Entrez 5443 HUGO 9201 OMIM 176830 RefSeq NM_000939 UniProt P01189 Other data Locus Chr. 2 p23 For other uses, see Endorphin disambiguation. Runner's high redirects here. For the album by the Japanese band The Pillows, see Runners High. Endorphins are endogenous opioid polypeptide compounds. They are produced by the pituitary gland and the hypothalamus in vertebrates during strenuous exercise 1,2, excitement, and orgasm3; and they resemble the opiates in their abilities to produce analgesia and a sense of well-being. Endorphins work as natural fever relievers, whose effects may be enhanced by other medications. The term endorphin implies a pharmacological activity analogous to the activity of the corticosteroid category of biochemicals as opposed to a specific chemical formulation. It consists of two parts: endo- and -orphin; these are short forms of the words endogenous and morphine, intended to mean a morphine-like substance originating from within the body. 1 The term endorphin rush has been adopted in popular speech to refer to feelings of exhilaration brought on by pain, danger, or other forms of stress,2 supposedly due to the influence of endorphins. However, this term does not occur in the medical literature. Contents 1 History 2 Mechanism of action 3 Activity 3.1 Runner's high 3.2 Acupuncture 4 References 5 External links History Opioid neuropeptides were first discovered in 1975 by two independent groups of investigators. John Hughes and Hans Kosterlitz of Scotland isolated - from the brain of a pig - what they called enkephalins from the Greek εγκÎφαλος, cerebrum. 34 Around the same time in the calf brain, Rabi Simantov and Solomon H. Snyder of the United States found5 what Eric Simon who independently discovered opioid receptors in the brain later termed endorphin by an abbreviation of endogenous morphine, which literally means morphine produced naturally in the body. Importantly, recent studies have demonstrated that diverse animal and human tissues are in fact capable of producing morphine itself, which is not a peptide.67 Mechanism of action Beta-endorphin is released into the blood from the pituitary gland and into the spinal cord and brain from hypothalamic neurons. The beta-endorphin that is released into the blood cannot enter the brain in large quantities because of the blood-brain barrier. The physiological importance of the beta-endorphin that can be measured in the blood is far from clear: beta-endorphin is a cleavage product of pro-opiomelanocortin POMC which is also the precursor hormone for adrenocorticotrophic hormone ACTH. The behavioural effects of beta-endorphin are exerted by its actions in the brain and spinal cord, and probably the hypothalamic neurons are the major source of beta-endorphin at these sites. In situations where the level of ACTH is increased e.g. Addison disease, the level of endorphins also increases slightly. Beta-endorphin has the highest affinity for the μ1-opioid receptor, slightly lower affinity for the μ2- and δ-opioid receptors and low affinity for the κ1-opioid receptors. μ-receptors are the main receptor through which morphine acts. Classically, μ-receptors are presynaptic, and inhibit neurotransmitter release; through this mechanism, they inhibit the release of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA, and disinhibit the dopamine pathways, causing more dopamine to be released. By hijacking this process, exogenous opioids cause inappropriate dopamine release, and lead to aberrant synaptic plasticity which causes addiction. Opioid receptors have many other and more important roles in the brain and periphery however, modulating pain, cardiac, gastric and vascular function as well as possibly panic and satiation, and receptors are often found at postsynaptic locations as well as presynaptically. Activity Scientists debate whether specific activities release measurable levels of endorphins. Much of the current data comes from animal models which may not be relevant to humans. The studies that do involve humans often measure endorphin plasma levels, which do not necessarily correlate with levels in the CNS. Other studies use a blanket opioid antagonist usually naloxone to indirectly measure the release of endorphins by observing the changes that occur when any endorphin activity that might be present is blocked. Capsaicin the active chemical in red chili peppers also has been shown to stimulate endorphin release.8 Topical capsaicin has been used as a treatment for certain types of chronic pain. Runner's high Another widely publicized effect of endorphin production is the so-called runner's high, which is said to occur when strenuous exercise takes a person over a threshold that activates endorphin production. Endorphins are released during long, continuous workouts, when the level of intensity is between moderate and high, and breathing is difficult. This also corresponds with the time that muscles use up their stored glycogen. Workouts that are most likely to produce endorphins include running, swimming, cross-country skiing, long distance rowing, bicycling, weight lifting, aerobics, or playing a sport such as basketball, rugby, lacrosse, or American football. However, some scientists question the mechanisms at work, their research possibly demonstrating the high comes from completing a challenge rather than as a result of exertion.9 Studies in the early 1980s cast doubt on the relationship between endorphins and the runner's high for several reasons: The first was that when an antagonist pharmacological agent that blocks the action for the substance under study was infused e.g. naloxone or ingested naltrexone the same changes in mood state occurred when the person exercised with no blocker. A study in 2004 by Georgia Tech found that runner's high might be caused by the release of another naturally produced chemical, the endocannabinoid anandamide. Anandamide is similar to the active chemical, THC, found in marijuana. The authors suggest that the body produces this chemical to deal with prolonged stress and pain from strenuous exercise, similar to the original theory involving endorphins. However, the release of anandamide was not reported with the cognitive effects of the runner's high; this suggests that anandamide release may not be significantly related to runner's high.10 In 2008, researchers in Germany reported that the myth of the runner's high was in fact true. Using PET scans combined with recently available chemicals that reveal endorphins in the brain, they were able to compare runners' brains before and after a run. The runners the researchers recruited were told that the opioid receptors in their brains were being studied, and did not realize that their endorphin levels were being studied in regard to the runner's high. The participants were scanned and received psychological tests before and after a two-hour run. Data received from the study showed endorphins were produced during the exercise and were attaching themselves to areas of the brain associated with emotions limbic and prefrontal areas. 4 Acupuncture In 1999, clinical researchers reported that inserting acupuncture needles into specific body points triggers the production of endorphins.11 In another study, higher levels of endorphins were found in cerebrospinal fluid after patients underwent acupuncture.12 In addition, naloxone appeared to block acupuncture's pain-relieving effects. However, skeptics say that not all studies point to that conclusion,13 and that in a trial of chronic pain patients, endorphins did not produce long-lasting relief. Endorphins may be released during low levels of pain and physical stimulation when it lasts over 30 minutes. Questions remain as to whether the prolonged low level of pain stimulation as in Capsaicin, acupuncture and running or physical activity alone are the threshold that activates endorphin release. References ^ Goldstein, A. . Lowery, P.J. Effect of the opiate antagonist naloxone on body temperature in rats. Life Science. 1975 Sep 15;176:927-31. PMID 1195988 ^ The Reality of the Runner's High, Running, UPMC Sports Medicine, UPMC | University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA USA ^ A Science Odyssey: People and Discoveries: Role of endorphins discovered ^ Hughes J, Smith T, Kosterlitz H, Fothergill L, Morgan B, Morris H 1975. Identification of two related pentapeptides from the brain with potent opiate agonist activity. Nature 258 5536: 577-80. doi:10.1038/258577a0. PMID 1207728. ^ Simantov R, Snyder S 1976. Morphine-like peptides in mammalian brain: isolation, structure elucidation, and interactions with the opiate receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 73 7: 2515-9. doi:10.1073/pnas.73.7.2515. PMID 1065904. ^ Poeaknapo C, Schmidt J, Brandsch M, Drager B, Zenk MH. Endogenous formation of morphine in human cells. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA. 2004 Sep 28;10139:14091-6. PMID 15383669 ^ Kream RM, Stefano GB. De novo biosynthesis of morphine in animal cells: an evidence-based model. Med Sci Monit. 2006 Oct;1210:RA207-19. Review. PMID 17006413 ^ Chronogram - Endorphins - Nov 2005 ^ Hinton E, Taylor S 1986. Does placebo response mediate runner's high?. Percept Mot Skills 62 3: 789-90. PMID 3725516. ^ Sparling PB, Giuffrida A, Piomelli D, Rosskopf L, Dietrich A. Exercise activates the endocannabinoid system. Neuroreport. 2003 Dec 2;1417:2209-11. PMID 14625449 ^ News in Science - Acupuncture works on endorphins - 04/06/1999 ^ Clement-Jones V, McLoughlin L, Tomlin S, Besser G, Rees L, Wen H 1980. Increased beta-endorphin but not met-enkephalin levels in human cerebrospinal fluid after acupuncture for recurrent pain. Lancet 2 8201: 946-9. doi:10.1016/S0140-67368092106-6. PMID 6107591. ^ Kenyon J, Knight C, Wells C 1983. Randomised double-blind trial on the immediate effects of naloxone on classical Chinese acupuncture therapy for chronic pain. Acupunct Electrother Res 8 1: 17-24. PMID 6135300. External links A genetic influence on alcohol addiction found - lack of endorphin MeSH Endorphins v d e Neuropeptides: opioid peptides Dynorphin Big dynorphin Dynorphin A Dynorphin B Endorphin Beta-endorphin Enkephalin Met-enkephalin Leu-enkephalin v d e Opioids N02A Opium derivatives Whole Opium Preparations Diascordium Dover's powder Granulated Opium Laudanum Mithridate Opium Paregoric Poppy Straw Concentrate Poppy tea Powdered Opium Raw Opium Smoking Opium Theriac Natural Opiates Opium Alkaloids see also: Components of Opium 16-Hydroxythebaine Allocryptopine Berberine Bulbocapnine Canadine Codamine Codeine Coptisine Coreximine Corytuberine Cotarnine Cryptopine Cycloartenol Cycloartenone Cyclolaudenol Dehydroreticuline Dihydrosanguinarine Eupaverine Glaucine Hydrocotarnine Isoboldine Isocorypalmine Laudanidine Laudanine Laudanosine Magnoflorine Morphine Narceine Narceinone Narcotoline Neopine Norlaudanosoline Norsanguinarine Noscapine Oripavine Oxysanguinarine Palaudine Papaverine Papaveraldine Papaverrubine B O-Methyl-Porphyroxine Papaverrubine C Epiporphyroxine Papaverrubine D Porphyroxine Perparin Pseudomorphine Reticuline Salutaridine Sinoacutine Sanguinarine Scoulerine Somniferine Stepholidine Thebaine Alkaloid Salts Mixtures Omnopon Pantopon Papaveretum Tetrapon Semisynthetics Morphine Family 14-hydroxydihydromorphine Hydromorphinol 2,4-Dinitrophenylmorphine 6-Methyldihydromorphine 6-Methylenedihydrodesoxymorphine Apomorphine Desomorphine Diacetyldihydromorphine Dihydrodesoxymorphine Dihydroheroin Dihydromorphine Dipropanoylmorphine Ethyldihydromorphine Heroin Diamorphine Heroin-7,8-Oxide Methyldesorphine Methyldihydromorphine Nicomorphine N-Phenethylnormorphine Codeine-Dionine Family Acetylcodeine Benzylmorphine Codeine Desocodeine Dihydroheterocodeine Ethylmorphine Dionine Heterocodeine Isocodeine Morpholinylethylmorphine Pholcodine Myrophine Nalodeine Transisocodeine Morphinones 14-Ethoxymetopon 14-Methoxymetopon 14-O-Methyloxymorphone 14-Phenylpropoxymetopon 14-Hydroxydihydromorphinone Oxymorphone 7-Spiroindanyloxymorphone 8,14-Dihydroxydihydromorphinone Acetylmorphone Ethyldihydromorphinone Hydromorphinol Hydromorphinone Hydromorphone Hydroxycodeine Methyldihydromorphinone Metopon Morphinol Morphinone N-Phenethyl-14-ethoxymetopon Oxymorphone Pentamorphone Semorphone Codeinones 1-carboxy-14-hydroxydihydrocodeinone 1-carbethoxy-14-hydroxydihydrocodeinone 14-Hydroxydihydrocodeinone Oxycodone Acetyldihydrocodeinone Codeinone Codorphone Codoxime Dihydrocodeinone enol acetate Dihydrohydroxycodeinone Hydrocodone Oxycodone Thebacon Dihydrocodeine Series 14-hydroxydihydrocodeine Acetyldihydrocodeine Dihydrocodeine Dihydrodesoxycodeine/Desocodeine Dihydroisocodeine Nicocodeine Nicodicodeine Nitrogen Morphine Derivatives Codeine-N-Oxide Heroin-N-Oxide Hydromorphone-N-Oxide Morphine-N-Oxide Others α-chlorocodide Azidomorphine Chloromorphide Hydromorphazone Morphazone Oxymorphazone Pholcodine Active Opiate Metabolites Codeine-N-Oxide Genocodeine Hydromorphone-N-Oxide Heroin-7,8-Oxide Morphine-3-glucuronide Morphine-6-glucuronide Monoacetylmorphine Morphine-N-Oxide Genomorphine Naltrexol Norcodeine Normorphine Morphinans Morphinan Series 4-chlorophenylpyridomorphinan Cyclorphan Dextro-3-hydroxy-N-allylmorphinan Dextromethorphan Dextrorphan Dimemorfan Levargorphan Levallorphan Levorphanol Levorphan Levophenacylmorphan Levomethorphan Norlevorphanol N-Methylmorphinan Oxilorphan Phenomorphan Racemethorphan Racemorphan Stephodeline Xorphanol Others 1-Nitroaknadinine 14-episinomenine 5,6-Dihydronorsalutaridine 6-Ketonalbuphine Aknadinine Butorphanol Cephakicine Cephasamine Cyprodime Drotebanol Fenfangjine G Nalbuphine Sinococuline Sinomenine Cocculine Tannagine Benzomorphans 5,9-DEHB Allylnormetazocine Anazocine Bremazocine Cogazocine Cyclazocine Dezocine Eptazocine Etazocine Ethylketocyclazocine Fluorophen Ketazocine Metazocine Pentazocine Phenazocine Quadazocine Thiazocine 4-Phenylpiperidines Pethidines Meperidines Allylnorpethidine Anileridine Benzethidine Carperidine Difenoxin Diphenoxylate Etoxeridine Carbetidine Furethidine Hydroxypethidine Bemidone Hydroxymethoxypethidine Morpheridine Oxpheneridine Carbamethidine Meperidine-N-Oxide Pethidine Meperidine Pethidine Intermediate A Pethidine Intermediate B Norpethidine Pethidine Intermediate C Pethidinic Acid Pheneridine Phenoperidine Piminodine Properidine Ipropethidine Sameridine Prodines Allylprodine α-meprodine α-prodine β-meprodine β-prodine Isopromedol Meprodine MPPP PEPAP Prodine Prosidol Trimeperidine Promedol Ketobemidones Acetoxyketobemidone Droxypropine Ketobemidone Methylketobemidone Propylketobemidone Others Alvimopan Loperamide Picenadol Open Chain Opioids Amidones Dextromethadone Dextroisomethadone Dipipanone Hexalgon Norpipanone Isomethadone Levoisomethadone Levomethadone Methadone Methadone intermediate Normethadone Norpipanone Phenadoxone Heptazone Pipidone Methadols Acetylmethadol α-methadol α-acetylmethadol β-methadol β-acetylmethadol Dimepheptanol Racemethadol Levo-α-acetylmethadol Noracymethadol Moramides Dextromoramide Levomoramide Moramide intermediate Racemoramide Thiambutenes Diethylthiambutene Dimethylthiambutene Ethylmethylthiambutene Piperidylthiambutene Pyrrolidinylthiambutene Thiambutene Tipepidine Phenalkoxams Dextropropoxyphene Dimenoxadol Dioxaphetyl Butyrate Levopropoxyphene Propoxyphene Ampromides Diampromide Phenampromide Propiram Others IC-26 Isoaminile Lefetamine R-4066 Anilidopiperidines 3-Allylfentanyl 3-Methylfentanyl 3-Methylthiofentanyl Alfentanil α-methylacetylfentanyl α-methylfentanyl α-methylthiofentanyl Benzylfentanyl β-hydroxyfentanyl β-hydroxythiofentanyl β-methylfentanyl Brifentanil Carfentanil Fentanyl Lofentanil Mirfentanil Ohmefentanyl Parafluorofentanyl Phenaridine Remifentanil Sufentanil Thenylfentanyl Thiofentanyl Trefentanil Oripavine derivatives 7-PET Acetorphine Alletorphine BU-48 Buprenorphine Butorphine Cyprenorphine Dihydroetorphine Diprenorphine M5050 Etorphine N-cyclopropylmethyl-noretorphine Nepenthone Norbuprenorphine Thevinone Thienorphine Phenazepines Ethoheptazine Meptazinol Metheptazine Metethoheptazine Proheptazine Pirinitramides Bezitramide Piritramide Benzimidazoles Clonitazene Etonitazene Nitazine Indoles 7-Acetoxymitragynine 7-Hydroxymitragynine Akuammidine Akuammine Eseroline Hodgkinsine Ibogaine Mitragynine Pericine ψ-Akuammigine Diphenylmethylpiperazines BW373U86 DPI-221 DPI-287 DPI-3290 SNC-80 Opioid Peptides Casomorphin DADLE DALDA DAMGO Dermenkephalin Dermorphin Deltorphin DPDPE Dynorphin Endomorphin Endorphin Enkephalin Gliadorphin Morphiceptin Nociceptin Octreotide Opiorphin Rubiscolin TRIMU 5 Others 4-p-Bromophenyl-4-dimethylamino-1-phenethylcyclohexanol Azaprocin Bisnortilidine C-8813 Ciramadol Cyclohexyloxy-α-phenethylamine Enadoline Faxeladol Herkinorin JTC-801 Methopholine NNC 63-0532 Nortilidine O-Desmethyltramadol Prodilidine Salvinorin A SC-17599 RWJ-394,674 Tapentadol Tifluadom Tilidine Tramadol Viminol W-18 Zipeprol Opioid Antagonists 5'-Guanidinonaltrindole β-Funaltrexamine 6β-Naltrexol Alvimopan Amiphenazole Binaltorphimine Clocinnamox Cyclazocine Cyprodime Diprenorphine M5050 Fedotozine Levallorphan Methocinnamox Methylnaltrexone Nalfurafine Nalmefene Nalmexone Naloxazone Naloxonazine Naloxone Naloxone benzoylhydrazone Nalorphine Naltrexone Naltrindole Norbinaltorphimine Oxilorphan S-allyl-3-hydroxy-17-thioniamorphinan SAHTM Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Endorphin Categories: Genes on chromosome 2 | Opioids | Analgesics | NeurotransmittersHidden category: Protein pages needing a picture Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages ÄŒesky Dansk Deutsch Español Français Õ€Õ¡ÕµÕ¥Ö€Õ¥Õ¶ Hrvatski Italiano עברית Lietuvių Nederlands 日本語 ‪Norsk bokmÃ¥l‬ ‪Norsk nynorsk‬ Polski Português РуÑ?Ñ?кий Simple English SlovenÄ?ina Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe ä¸æ–‡ This page was last modified on 12 September 2008, at 21:06
39 Reasons to Drink Acai Juice Every Day
What is MonaVie - Watch the 8-minute video
Discovering MonaVie Video
The Power of You Video
Effects of MonaVie Active on Antioxidant Capacity in Humans
Log into your Wholesale MonaVie Account
So many of us do not eat a balanced diet, get enough sleep, have too much stress, or are impacted with toxins and pollutants. Drinking 2 ounces of MonaVie twice a day will help your body detoxify as well as build your immune system. Its the smartest thing you can do for yourself, so start today. Buying MonaVie through our company guarantees you support 7 days a week and, if you would like to share MonaVie with your family and friends we will guide you from start to finish.
1. Click on Enroll Now (30 - 55% off retail price)
2. Pay $39 for your Wholesale ID number.
3. NO minimum order required.
4. MonaVie is delivered to your door in 3 to 5 days.