Sierra Acai Company
Sierra Acai Company
Open 7 Days a Week
MonaVie Independent Distributor
Distributor Training
Shop Online
Enroll Now
Buy Wholesale and maintain an Active status for 2 months and we will refund your $39 Distributor Fee
Friends
Buy Wholesale and maintain an Active status for 2 months and we will refund your $39 Distributor Fee
14-September-2008 18:02:46 - Epinephrine Adrenaline redirects here. For other uses, see Adrenaline disambiguation. R---L-Epinephrine or R---L-adrenaline Systematic IUPAC name R-4-1-hydroxy- 2-methylaminoethylbenzene-1,2-diol Identifiers CAS number 51-43-4 ATC code A01AD01 B02BC09 C01CA24 R01AA14 R03AA01 S01EA01 PubChem 838 DrugBank APRD00450 Chemical data Formula C9H13NO3 Mol. mass 183.204 g/mol Pharmacokinetic data Bioavailability Nil oral Metabolism adrenergic synapse MAO and COMT Half life 2 minutes Excretion Urine Therapeutic considerations Pregnancy cat. AAU CUS Legal status Prescription Only S4AU POMUK â„ž-onlyUS Routes IV, IM, endotracheal Epinephrine also referred to as adrenaline; see Terminology is a hormone and neurotransmitter. It is a catecholamine, a sympathomimetic monoamine derived from the amino acids phenylalanine and tyrosine. The Latin roots ad-+renes and the Greek roots epi-+nephros both literally mean on/to the kidney referring to the adrenal gland, which sits atop the kidneys and secretes epinephrine. Epinephrine is often shortened to epi or to EP in American medical jargon. Contents 1 History 2 Triggers 3 Actions in the body 4 Mechanism of action 5 Therapeutic use 6 Biosynthesis 7 Regulation 8 Side effects and drug interactions 9 Terminology 10 Isomers 11 Autoinjectors 12 Pharmaceutical Preparations 13 See also 14 References 14.1 Notes 14.2 General references History Epinephrine was isolated and identified in 1895 by Napoleon Cybulski, a Polish physiologist. In May 1896, William Bates reported the discovery of a substance produced by the adrenal gland in the New York Medical Journal.1 The discovery was repeated in 1897 by John Jacob Abel.2 Jokichi Takamine, a Japanese chemist, independently discovered the same hormone in 1900.34 In 1901 he isolated and purified the hormone epinephrine from cow glands. Epinephrine was first artificially synthesized in 1904 by Friedrich Stolz. Triggers Epinephrine ampule, 1 mg Suprarenin® Epinephrine ampule, 1 mg Suprarenin® Epinephrine is a fight or flight hormone, and plays a central role in the short-term stress reaction. It is released from the adrenal glands when danger threatens or in an emergency. Such triggers may be threatening, exciting, or environmental stressor conditions such as high noise levels, or bright light see Fight-or-flight response. Actions in the body When secreted into the bloodstream, it rapidly prepares the body for action in emergency situations. The hormone boosts the supply of oxygen and glucose to the brain and muscles, while suppressing other non-emergency bodily processes digestion in particular. It increases heart rate and stroke volume, dilates the pupils, and constricts arterioles in the skin and gastrointestinal tract while dilating arterioles in skeletal muscles. It elevates the blood sugar level by increasing catabolism of glycogen to glucose in the liver, and at the same time begins the breakdown of lipids in fat cells. Like some other stress hormones, epinephrine has a suppressive effect on the immune system.5 Although epinephrine does not have any psychoactive effects, stress or arousal also releases norepinephrine in the brain. Norepinephrine has similar actions in the body, but is also psychoactive. The type of action in various cell types depends on their expression of adrenergic receptors. Mechanism of action β-adrenergic receptors β-adrenergic receptors Further reading: adrenergic receptor Epinephrine's actions are mediated through adrenergic receptors. Epinephrine is a non-selective agonist of all adrenergic receptors. It activates α1, α2, β1, and β2 receptors.6 Specific functions include: It binds to α1 receptors of liver cells, which activate inositol-phospholipid signaling pathway, signaling the phosphorylation of glycogen synthase and phosphorylase kinase inactivating and activating them, respectively, leading to the latter activating another enzyme-glycogen phosphorylase-which catalises breakdown of glycogen glycogenolysis so as to release glucose to the bloodstream. Simultaneously protein phosphatase-1 PP1 is inactivated, as in the active state PP1 would reverse all the previous phosphorylations. Epinephrine also activates β-adrenergic receptors of the liver and muscle cells, thereby activating the adenylate cyclase signaling pathway, which will in turn increase glycogenolysis. β2 receptors are found primarily in skeletal muscle blood vessels where they trigger vasodilation. However, α-adrenergic receptors are found in most smooth muscles and splanchnic vessels, and epinephrine triggers vasoconstriction in those vessels. Therapeutic use Epinephrine is used as a drug to treat cardiac arrest and other cardiac dysrhythmias resulting in diminished or absent cardiac output; its action is to increase peripheral resistance via α1-adrenoceptor vasoconstriction, so that blood is shunted to the body's core, and the β1-adrenoceptor response which is increased cardiac rate and output the speed and pronouncement of heart beats. This beneficial action comes with a significant negative consequence-increased cardiac irritability-which may lead to additional complications immediately following an otherwise successful resuscitation. Alternatives to this treatment include vasopressin, a powerful antidiuretic which also increases peripheral vascular resistance leading to blood shunting via vasoconstriction, but without the attendant increase in myocardial irritability.5 Due to its suppressive effect on the immune system, epinephrine is the drug of choice for treating anaphylaxis. It is also useful in treating sepsis. Allergy patients undergoing immunotherapy may receive an epinephrine rinse before the allergen extract is administered, thus reducing the immune response to the administered allergen. It is also used as a bronchodilator for asthma if specific beta2-adrenergic receptor agonists are unavailable or ineffective. Because of various expression of α1 or β2-receptors, depending on the patient, administration of epinephrine may raise or lower blood pressure, depending whether or not the net increase or decrease in peripheral resistance can balance the positive inotropic and chronotropic effects of epinephrine on the heart, effects which respectively increase the contractility and rate of the heart. Biosynthesis Epinephrine is synthesized from norepinephrine in a synthetic pathway shared by all catecholamines. Epinephrine is synthesized from norepinephrine in a synthetic pathway shared by all catecholamines. Epinephrine is synthesized from norepinephrine in a synthetic pathway shared by all catecholamines, including L-dopa, dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine. Epinephrine is synthesized via methylation of the primary distal amine of norepinephrine by phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase PNMT in the cytosol of adrenergic neurons and cells of the adrenal medulla so-called chromaffin cells. PNMT is only found in the cytosol of cells of adrenal medullary cells. PNMT uses S-adenosylmethionine SAMe as a cofactor to donate the methyl group to norepinephrine, creating epinephrine. For norepinephrine to be acted upon by PNMT in the cytosol, it must first be shipped out of granules of the chromaffin cells. This may occur via the catecholamine-H+ exchanger VMAT1. VMAT1 is also responsible for transporting newly synthesized epinephrine from the cytosol back into chromaffin granules in preparation for release. Regulation Epinephrine synthesis is solely under the control of the central nervous system CNS. Several levels of regulation dominate epinephrine synthesis. Adrenocorticotropic hormone ACTH and the sympathetic nervous system stimulate the synthesis of epinephrine precursors by enhancing the activity of enzymes involved in catecholamine synthesis. The specific enzymes are tyrosine hydroxylase in the synthesis of dopa and enzyme dopamine-β-hydroxylase in the synthesis of norepinephrine. ACTH also stimulates the adrenal cortex to release cortisol, which increases the expression of PNMT in chromaffin cells, enhancing epinephrine synthesis. This is most often done in response to stress. The sympathetic nervous system, acting via splanchnic nerves to the adrenal medulla, stimulates the release of epinephrine. Acetylcholine released by preganglionic sympathetic fibers of these nerves acts on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, causing cell depolarization and an influx of calcium through voltage-gated calcium channels. Calcium triggers the exocytosis of chromaffin granules and thus the release of epinephrine and norepinephrine into the bloodstream. Epinephrine as with norepinephrine does exert negative feedback to down-regulate its own synthesis at the presynaptic alpha-2 adrenergic receptor. A pheochromocytoma is a tumor of the adrenal gland or, rarely, the ganglia of the sympathetic nervous system, which results in the uncontrolled secretion of catecholamines, usually epinephrine. In liver cells, epinephrine binds to the β-Adrenergic receptor which changes conformation and helps Gs, a G protein, exchange GDP to GTP. This trimeric G protein dissociates to Gs alpha and Gs beta/gamma subunits. Gs alpha binds to adenyl cyclase thus converting ATP into Cyclic AMP. Cyclic AMP binds to the regulatory subunit of Protein Kinase A: Protein kinase A phosphorylates Phosphorylase Kinase. Meanwhile, Gs beta/gamma binds to the calcium channel and allows calcium ions to enter the cytoplasm. Calcium ions bind to calmodulin proteins, a protein present in all eukaryotic cells, which then binds to Phosphorylase Kinase and finishes its activation. Phosphorylase Kinase phosphorylates Phosphorylase which then phosphorylates glycogen and converts it to glucose-6-phosphate. Side effects and drug interactions Adverse reactions to epinephrine include palpitations, tachycardia, arrhythmia, anxiety, headache, tremor, hypertension, and acute pulmonary edema.7 Use is contraindicated for patients on β-blockers because severe hypertension and even cerebral hemorrhage may result.6 Terminology Although widely referred to as adrenaline outside of the US, and by the lay public worldwide, the USAN and INN for this chemical is epinephrine because adrenaline bore too much similarity to the Parke, Davis Co trademark Adrenalin without the e which was registered in the U.S. The BAN and EP term for this chemical is adrenaline, and is indeed now one of the few differences between the INN and BAN systems of names. Amongst U.S. health professionals, the term epinephrine is used over adrenaline. However, it should be noted that universally, pharmaceuticals that mimic the effects of epinephrine are called adrenergics, and receptors for epinephrine are called adrenoceptors. It can also be spelled epinephrin without the e. Isomers Natural epinephrine is the R---L-epinephrine stereoisomer. Autoinjectors Epinephrine is now also used in EpiPens and Twinjects. EpiPens are long narrow autoinjectors that administer epinephrine, Twinjects are similar but contain two doses of epinephrine. It is also used in medicines and usually the Epinephrine is extracted from adrenal glands of hogs, cattle, and sheep. Though both EpiPen and Twinject are trademark names, common usage of the terms are drifting toward the generic context of any epinephrine autoinjector. Pharmaceutical Preparations Aqueous preparations of adrenaline are obtained by use of hydrochloric acid or tartaric acid, because in the absence of acid medium, it undergoes oxidation. Borate salt is used in ophthalmology. See also Anaphylaxis Adrenaline junkie Adrenochrome Catechol-O-methyl transferase Adrenergic receptor References Notes ^ The Use of Extract of Suprarenal Capsule in the Eye - www.Central-Fixation.com. ^ Aronson JK 2000. Where name and image meet - the argument for adrenaline. British Medical Journal 320, 506-9. ^ Yamashima T 2003. Jokichi Takamine 1854-1922, the samurai chemist, and his work on adrenalin. J Med Biogr 11 2: 95-102. PMID 12717538. ^ Bennett M 1999. One hundred years of adrenaline: the discovery of autoreceptors. Clin Auton Res 9 3: 145-59. doi:10.1007/BF02281628. PMID 10454061. ^ a b Epinephrine - Online Medical Dictionary ^ a b Shen, Howard 2008. Illustrated Pharmacology Memory Cards: PharMnemonics. Minireview, 4. ISBN 1-59541-101-1. ^ About.com - The Definition of Epinephrine General references Walter F. Boron, Emile L. Boulpaep 2005. Medical Physiology: A Cellular And Molecular Approach. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier/Saunders. ISBN 1-4160-2328-3. Voet D. and J. 2004. Biochemistry, 3rd ed. USA: Wiley. ISBN 0-471-19350-x. v d e Phenethylamines 2C-B 2C-C 2C-D 2C-E 2C-I 2C-N 2C-T-2 2C-T-21 2C-T-4 2C-T-7 2C-T-8 3C-E 4-FMP Bupropion Cathine Cathinone Clenbuterol DESOXY Dextroamphetamine Methamphetamine Diethylcathinone Dimethylcathinone DOC DOB DOI DOM bk-MBDB Dopamine Br-DFLY Ephedrine Epinephrine Escaline Etafedrine Fenfluramine Levosalbutamol Levmetamfetamine MBDB MDA MDMA MDMC MDEA MDPV Mescaline Methcathinone Norepinephrine Phentermine Salbutamol Tyramine Venlafaxine v d e Endocrine system: hormones/endocrine glands Peptide hormones, Steroid hormones Hypothalamic-pituitary Hypothalamus: TRH, CRH , GnRH, GHRH, somatostatin, dopamine - Posterior pituitary: vasopressin, oxytocin - Anterior pituitary: α FSH, LH, TSH, GH, prolactin, POMC ACTH, MSH, endorphins, lipotropin Adrenal axis Adrenal medulla: epinephrine, norepinephrine - Adrenal cortex: aldosterone, cortisol, DHEA Thyroid axis Thyroid: thyroid hormone T3 and T4 - calcitonin - Parathyroid: PTH Gonadal axis Testis: testosterone, AMH, inhibin - Ovary: estradiol, progesterone, inhibin/activin, relaxin pregnancy Other end. glands Pancreas: glucagon, insulin, somatostatin - Pineal gland: melatonin Non-end. glands Placenta: hCG, HPL, estrogen, progesterone - Kidney: renin, EPO, calcitriol, prostaglandin - Heart atrium: ANP - Stomach: gastrin, ghrelin - Duodenum: CCK, GIP, secretin, motilin, VIP - Ileum: enteroglucagon - Adipose tissue: leptin, adiponectin, resistin - Thymus: Thymosin - Thymopoietin - Thymulin - Skeleton: Osteocalcin - Liver/other: Insulin-like growth factor IGF-1, IGF-2 Target-derived NGF, BDNF, NT-3 v d e Cardiac stimulants excluding cardiac glycosides C01C Adrenergic and dopaminergic agents Adrenergic agonists primarily β1 and mixed EPINEPHRINE Etilefrine Isoprenaline Norepinephrine Norfenefrine Phenylephrine Dobutamine Oxedrine Metaraminol Methoxamine Mephentermine Prenalterol Midodrine Arbutamine Dopamine agonists DOPAMINE Fenoldopam Both Dopexamine Ibopamine Octopamine Unknown/ungrouped Dimetofrine Gepefrine Cafedrine Theodrenaline Phosphodiesterase inhibitors PDE3I Amrinone Milrinone Enoximone Bucladesine Other cardiac stimulants Angiotensinamide Xamoterol Levosimendan v d e Drugs for obstructive airway diseases: asthma/COPD R03 Adrenergics, inhalants Short acting β2-agonists Salbutamol/Levosalbutamol Fenoterol Terbutaline Pirbuterol Procaterol Bitolterol Rimiterol Carbuterol Tulobuterol Reproterol Long acting β2-agonists LABA Arformoterol Bambuterol Clenbuterol Formoterol Salmeterol Ultra LABA: Indacaterol other Epinephrine Hexoprenaline Isoprenaline Isoproterenol Orciprenaline Metaproterenol Glucocorticoids Beclometasone Budesonide Ciclesonide Fluticasone Mometasone Anticholinergics/ muscarinic antagonist Ipratropium Tiotropium Mast cell stabilizers Cromoglicate Nedocromil Xanthines Aminophylline Doxofylline Theobromine Theophylline Leukotriene antagonists Montelukast Pranlukast Zafirlukast Lipoxygenase inhibitor Zileuton Thromboxane receptor antagonists Ramatroban Seratrodast Combination products Budesonide/formoterol Fluticasone/salmeterol Ipratropium/salbutamol v d e Antihemorrhagics B02 Coagulation Vitamin K Phytomenadione · Menadione Fibrinogen Fibrinogen Coagulation factors IX/Nonacog alfa · II · VII/Eptacog alfa · X · VIII · Thrombin Antifibrinolytics amino acids Aminocaproic acid, Tranexamic acid, Aminomethylbenzoic acid serpins Aprotinin, Alfa1 antitrypsin, C1-inhibitor, Camostat Local hemostatics Absorbable gelatin sponge · Oxidized cellulose · Tetragalacturonic acid hydroxymethylester · Adrenalone · Thrombin · Collagen · Calcium alginate · Epinephrine Other systemic hemostatics Etamsylate · Carbazochrome · Batroxobin · Romiplostim v d e Health Science Medicine Emergency medicine Procedures Advanced cardiac life support ACLS · Advanced life support ALS · Advanced Trauma Life Support ATLS · Basic life support BLS · Cardiopulmonary resuscitation CPR · First aid · Pediatric Advanced Life Support PALS Equipment Ambulance · Bag valve mask BVM · Chest tube · Defibrillation AED, ICD · Electrocardiogram ECG/EKG · Intraosseous infusion IO · Intravenous therapy IV · Intubation · Nasopharyngeal airway NPA · Oropharyngeal airway OPA · Pocket mask People Certified first responder CFR · Emergency medical responder EMR · Emergency medical technician EMT · Paramedic · Emergency physician Drugs Atropine · Amiodarone · Epinephrine/Adrenaline · Magnesium · Bicarbonate Other Golden hour · Emergency department · Emergency medical services · Emergency psychiatry · Medical emergency · Trauma center · Triage Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Epinephrine Categories: Aromatic compounds | Hormones | Catecholamines | Neurotransmitters | Bronchodilators Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages العربية AzÉ™rbaycan Bosanski БългарÑ?ки Català Česky Dansk Deutsch Þ‹Þ¨ÞˆÞ¬Þ€Þ¨Þ„Þ¦Þ?Þ° Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Français Galego í•œêµì–´ Hrvatski Ido Italiano עברית Latina Lietuvių Magyar МакедонÑ?ки Nederlands 日本語 ‪Norsk bokmÃ¥l‬ Occitan Polski Português Română РуÑ?Ñ?кий Shqip Simple English SlovenÄ?ina SlovenÅ¡Ä?ina СрпÑ?ки / Srpski Suomi Svenska Tiếng Việt Türkçe УкраїнÑ?ька ä¸æ–‡ This page was last modified on 10 September 2008, at 17:54
39 Reasons to Drink Acai Juice Every Day
What is MonaVie - Watch the 8-minute video
Discovering MonaVie Video
The Power of You Video
Effects of MonaVie Active on Antioxidant Capacity in Humans
Log into your Wholesale MonaVie Account
So many of us do not eat a balanced diet, get enough sleep, have too much stress, or are impacted with toxins and pollutants. Drinking 2 ounces of MonaVie twice a day will help your body detoxify as well as build your immune system. Its the smartest thing you can do for yourself, so start today. Buying MonaVie through our company guarantees you support 7 days a week and, if you would like to share MonaVie with your family and friends we will guide you from start to finish.
1. Click on Enroll Now (30 - 55% off retail price)
2. Pay $39 for your Wholesale ID number.
3. NO minimum order required.
4. MonaVie is delivered to your door in 3 to 5 days.