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14-September-2008 18:02:46 - Follicle-stimulating hormone December 2007 Follicle-Stimulating Hormone Follicle-stimulating hormone, beta polypeptide Identifiers Symbol FSHB Entrez 2487 HUGO 3964 OMIM 136530 RefSeq NM_000510 UniProt P01225 Other data Locus Chr. 11 p13 For other uses of the term FSH, see FSH disambiguation. Follicle-stimulating hormone FSH is a hormone synthesized and secreted by gonadotropes in the anterior pituitary gland. FSH and LH act synergistically in reproduction: In females, in the ovary FSH stimulates the growth of immature Graafian follicles to maturation. Graafian follicles are the mature follicle. Primary follicles mature to Graafian follicles. As the follicle grows, it releases inhibin, which shuts off the FSH production. In males, FSH enhances the production of androgen-binding protein by the Sertoli cells of the testes, and is critical for spermatogenesis. Contents 1 Structure 2 Genes 3 Activity 4 Disease states 4.1 High FSH levels 4.2 Low FSH levels 5 Availability 6 External links Structure FSH is a glycoprotein. Each monomeric unit is a protein molecule with a sugar attached to it; two of these make the full, functional protein. Its structure is similar to those of LH, TSH, and hCG. The protein dimer contains 2 polypeptide units, labeled alpha and beta subunits. The alpha subunits of LH, FSH, TSH, and hCG are identical, and contain 92 amino acids. The beta subunits vary. FSH has a beta subunit of 118 amino acids FSHB, which confers its specific biologic action and is responsible for interaction with the FSH-receptor. The sugar part of the hormone is composed of fucose, galactose, mannose, galactosamine, glucosamine, and sialic acid, the latter being critical for its biologic half-life. The half-life of FSH is 3-4 hours. Its molecular wt is 30000. Genes The gene for the alpha subunit is located on chromosome 6p21.1-23. It is expressed in different cell types. The gene for the FSH beta subunit is located on chromosome 11p13, and is expressed in gonadotropes of the pituitary cells, controlled by GnRH, inhibited by inhibin, and enhanced by activin. Activity FSH regulates the development, growth, pubertal maturation, and reproductive processes of the human body. In both males and females, FSH stimulates the maturation of germ cells. In males, FSH induces sertoli cells to secrete inhibin and stimulates the formation of sertoli-sertoli tight junctions zonula occludens. In females, FSH initiates follicular growth, specifically affecting granulosa cells. With the concomitant rise in inhibin B, FSH levels then decline in the late follicular phase. This seems to be critical in selecting only the most advanced follicle to proceed to ovulation. At the end of the luteal phase, there is a slight rise in FSH that seems to be of importance to start the next ovulatory cycle. Like its partner, LH, FSH release at the pituitary gland is controlled by pulses of gonadotropin-releasing hormone GnRH. Those pulses, in turn, are subject to the oestrogen feed-back from the gonads. Disease states FSH levels are normally low during childhood and, in females, high after menopause. High FSH levels High levels of Follicle-Stimulating Hormone are indicative of situations where the normal restricting feedback from the gonad is absent, leading to an unrestricted pituitary FSH production. Whereas this is normal in females leading up to and during postmenopause, it is abnormal during the reproductive years. If the FSH level is high during the reproductive years, this may be a sign of: Premature menopause also known as Premature Ovarian Failure Gonadal dysgenesis, Turner syndrome Castration Swyer syndrome Certain forms of CAH Testicular failure. Low FSH levels Diminished secretion of FSH can result in failure of gonadal function hypogonadism. This condition is typically manifest in males as failure in production of normal numbers of sperm. In females, cessation of reproductive cycles is commonly observed. Conditions with very low FSH secretions are: Kallmann syndrome Hypothalamic suppression Hypopituitarism Hyperprolactinemia Gonadotropin deficiency Gonadal suppression therapy GnRH antagonist GnRH agonist downregulation. Availability FSH is available mixed with LH in the form of Pergonal or Menopur, and other more purified forms of urinary gonadotropins, as well as in a pure forms as recombinant FSH Gonal F, Follistim. It is used commonly in infertility therapy to stimulate follicular development, notably in IVF therapy, as well as with interuterine insemination IUI. External links Day 3 FSH levels From the Infertility Blog by Dr. Fred Licciardi High FSH: an excuse to send patients away From the Infertility Blog by Dr. Fred Licciardi FSH and Estradiol Causes Symptoms of High FSH Information on high FSH compiled by a woman with high FSH Debating the imbalance as a cause of one couple's infertility v d e Endocrine system: hormones/endocrine glands Peptide hormones, Steroid hormones Hypothalamic-pituitary Hypothalamus: TRH, CRH , GnRH, GHRH, somatostatin, dopamine - Posterior pituitary: vasopressin, oxytocin - Anterior pituitary: α FSH, LH, TSH, GH, prolactin, POMC ACTH, MSH, endorphins, lipotropin Adrenal axis Adrenal medulla: epinephrine, norepinephrine - Adrenal cortex: aldosterone, cortisol, DHEA Thyroid axis Thyroid: thyroid hormone T3 and T4 - calcitonin - Parathyroid: PTH Gonadal axis Testis: testosterone, AMH, inhibin - Ovary: estradiol, progesterone, inhibin/activin, relaxin pregnancy Other end. glands Pancreas: glucagon, insulin, somatostatin - Pineal gland: melatonin Non-end. glands Placenta: hCG, HPL, estrogen, progesterone - Kidney: renin, EPO, calcitriol, prostaglandin - Heart atrium: ANP - Stomach: gastrin, ghrelin - Duodenum: CCK, GIP, secretin, motilin, VIP - Ileum: enteroglucagon - Adipose tissue: leptin, adiponectin, resistin - Thymus: Thymosin - Thymopoietin - Thymulin - Skeleton: Osteocalcin - Liver/other: Insulin-like growth factor IGF-1, IGF-2 Target-derived NGF, BDNF, NT-3 Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Follicle-stimulating_hormone Categories: Genes on chromosome 11 | Recombinant proteins | Glycoproteins | Peptide hormones | Sex hormones | In vitro fertilisation | Gonadotropic hormonesHidden categories: December 2007 | All articles lacking sources Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages ÄŒesky Dansk Deutsch Þ‹Þ¨ÞˆÞ¬Þ€Þ¨Þ„Þ¦Þ?Þ° Español Français Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lietuvių МакедонÑ?ки Nederlands 日本語 ‪Norsk bokmÃ¥l‬ Polski Português РуÑ?Ñ?кий SlovenÄ?ina Svenska Suomi Türkçe ä¸æ–‡ This page was last modified on 4 August 2008, at 17:43
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