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14-September-2008 18:02:46 - polypeptide October 2007 Gastric inhibitory polypeptide Identifiers Symbol GIP Entrez 2695 HUGO 4270 OMIM 137240 RefSeq NM_004123 UniProt P09681 Other data Locus Chr. 17 q21.3-q22 Gastric inhibitory polypeptide GIP, also known as the glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide is a member of the secretin family of hormones.1 GIP, along with glucagon-like peptide-1 GLP-1 and glucagon-like peptide-2 GLP-2, belong to a class of molecules referred to as incretins.2 Contents 1 Synthesis and transport 2 Function 3 Pathology 4 References 5 External links Synthesis and transport GIP is derived from a 153-amino acid proprotein encoded by the GIP gene and circulates as a biologically active 42-amino acid peptide. It is synthesized by K cells, which are found in the mucosa of the duodenum and the jejunum of the gastrointestinal tract. Like all endocrine hormones, it is transported by blood. Gastric inhibitory polypeptide receptors are seven-transmembrane proteins found on beta-cells in the pancreas. Function It has traditionally been called gastrointestinal inhibitory peptide or gastric inhibitory peptide was believed to neutralize stomach acid to protect the small intestine from acid damage, reduce the rate at which food is transferred through the stomach, and inhibit the GI motility and secretion of acid. However, it was discovered that these effects are only achieved with higher-than-normal physiological level, and that these results naturally occur in the body through a similar hormone, secretin. It is now believed that the function of GIP is to induce insulin secretion, which is primarily stimulated by hyperosmolarity of glucose in the duodenum.3 After this discovery, some researchers prefer the new name of glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide, while retaining the acronym GIP. The amount of insulin secreted is greater when glucose is administered orally than intravenously. GIP is also thought to have significant effects on fatty acid metabolism through stimulation of lipoprotein lipase activity in adipocytes. GIP release has been demonstrated in the ruminant animal and may play a role in nutrient partitioning in milk production lipid metabolism. GIP is secreted in response to the first maternal feed colostrum in goat kids - GIP being measured via umbilical vein before its closure. For ethical reasons GIP secretion has only been demonstrated in humans at approx 10 days of age. In respect to the role of GIP in lipid metabolism, supraphysiological levels have shown a lipogenic action, however the action of collagenase in experimental protocols is known to degrade GIP/ GIP receptors. GIP is part of the diffuse endocrine system and consequently difficult to demonstrate physiological or clinical effects. In comparison to insulin its effects are very subtle. Pathology It has been found that Type 2 diabetics are not responsive to GIP. In a research involving knockout mice, it was found that absence of the GIP receptors correlates with resistance to obesity.4 References ^ Meier JJ, Nauck MA 2005. Glucagon-like peptide 1GLP-1 in biology and pathology. Diabetes Metab. Res. Rev. 21 2: 91-117. doi:10.1002/dmrr.538. PMID 15759282. ^ Efendic S, Portwood N 2004. Overview of incretin hormones. Horm. Metab. Res. 36 11-12: 742-6. doi:10.1055/s-2004-826157. PMID 15655702. ^ Thorens B 1995. Glucagon-like peptide-1 and control of insulin secretion. Diabète métabolisme 21 5: 311-8. PMID 8586147. ^ Yamada Y, Seino Y 2004. Physiology of GIP--a lesson from GIP receptor knockout mice. Horm. Metab. Res. 36 11-12: 771-4. doi:10.1055/s-2004-826162. PMID 15655707. External links MeSH Gastric+inhibitory+polypeptide Gastric+inhibitory+polypeptide at eMedicine Dictionary http://web.indstate.edu/thcme/mwking/peptide-hormones.html#gastrin v d e Endocrine system: hormones/endocrine glands Peptide hormones, Steroid hormones Hypothalamic-pituitary Hypothalamus: TRH, CRH , GnRH, GHRH, somatostatin, dopamine - Posterior pituitary: vasopressin, oxytocin - Anterior pituitary: α FSH, LH, TSH, GH, prolactin, POMC ACTH, MSH, endorphins, lipotropin Adrenal axis Adrenal medulla: epinephrine, norepinephrine - Adrenal cortex: aldosterone, cortisol, DHEA Thyroid axis Thyroid: thyroid hormone T3 and T4 - calcitonin - Parathyroid: PTH Gonadal axis Testis: testosterone, AMH, inhibin - Ovary: estradiol, progesterone, inhibin/activin, relaxin pregnancy Other end. glands Pancreas: glucagon, insulin, somatostatin - Pineal gland: melatonin Non-end. glands Placenta: hCG, HPL, estrogen, progesterone - Kidney: renin, EPO, calcitriol, prostaglandin - Heart atrium: ANP - Stomach: gastrin, ghrelin - Duodenum: CCK, GIP, secretin, motilin, VIP - Ileum: enteroglucagon - Adipose tissue: leptin, adiponectin, resistin - Thymus: Thymosin - Thymopoietin - Thymulin - Skeleton: Osteocalcin - Liver/other: Insulin-like growth factor IGF-1, IGF-2 Target-derived NGF, BDNF, NT-3 v d e Digestive system, physiology: gastrointestinal physiology Enteric nervous system Meissner's plexus - Auerbach's plexus Exocrine Chief cells Pepsinogen - Parietal cells Gastric acid, Intrinsic factor - Goblet cells Mucus Endocrine/paracrine G cells gastrin, D cells somatostatin - ECL cells Histamine - enterogastrone: I cells CCK, K cells GIP, S cells secretin, Enteroendocrine cells Border Brunner's glands - Paneth cells - Enterocytes Fluids Saliva - Bile - Intestinal juice - Gastric juice - Pancreatic juice Processes Swallowing - Vomiting - Peristalsis Interstitial cell of Cajal - Migrating motor complex - Borborygmus - Gastrocolic reflex - Segmentation contractions - Defecation - Enterohepatic circulation v d e Hormones: gastrointestinal hormones CCK - EGF - GIP - Gastrin releasing peptide - Gastrins - Proglucagon - Motilin - Peptide YY -Prokineticin - Secretin - VIP v d e Peptides: neuropeptides Hypothalamic Somatostatin - CRH - GnRH - GHRH - Orexins - TRH - POMC ACTH, MSH, Lipotropin Gastrointestinal hormones Cholecystokinin - Gastric inhibitory polypeptide - Gastrin - Motilin - Secretin - Vasoactive intestinal peptide Other hormones Vasopressin - Calcitonin - Other Angiotensin - Bombesin/Neuromedin B - Calcitonin gene-related peptide - Carnosine - Delta sleep-inducing peptide - FMRFamide - Galanin - Gastrin releasing peptide - Kinins Bradykinin, Tachykinins - Neuromedin B, N, U - Neuropeptide Y - Neurophysins - Neurotensin - Opioid peptide - Pancreatic polypeptide - Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating peptide This article on a gene on chromosome 17 is a stub. Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Gastric_inhibitory_polypeptide Categories: Genes on chromosome 17 | Gastroenterology | Hormones | Diabetes | Chromosome 17 gene stubsHidden categories: Articles needing additional references from October 2007 | Protein pages needing a picture Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages Deutsch Polski Suomi This page was last modified on 5 August 2008, at 08:3
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