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14-September-2008 18:02:36 - Han Dynasty Redirected from Han dynasty by expanding it. Further information might be found on the talk page or at requests for expansion. April 2008 æ¼¢æœ? The Han Dynasty â†? 206 BC - 220 → → → Location of Han The Han Dynasty in 87 BCE Capital Chang'an 206 BC-9 AD Luoyang 25 AD-220 AD Languages Chinese Religion Buddhism, Taoism, Confucianism, Chinese folk religion Government Monarchy Emperor Emperor Gaozu of Han Chancellor History - Establishment 206 BC - Battle of Gaixia; Han rule of China begins 202 BCE - Interruption of Han rule 9-24 - Abdication to Cao Wei 220 Later Han redirects here. For the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period dynasty, see Later Han Dynasty Five Dynasties. The Han Dynasty traditional Chinese: æ¼¢æœ?; simplified Chinese: 汉æœ?; pinyin: Hà n Cháo; Wade-Giles: Han Ch'ao; 206 BCE-220 CE followed the Qin Dynasty and preceded the Three Kingdoms in China. The Han Dynasty was ruled by the prominent family known as the Liu clan. The reign of the Han Dynasty, lasting over 400 years, is commonly considered within China to be one of the greatest periods in the history of China. To this day, the ethnic majority of China still refer to themselves as the Han people. During the Han Dynasty, China officially became a Confucian state and prospered domestically: agriculture, handicrafts and commerce flourished, and the population reached over 55 million people. Meanwhile, the empire extended its political,cultural influence, and territory over much of Korea, Mongolia, Vietnam, and Central Asia before it finally collapsed under a combination of domestic and external pressures. It also had a series of military outposts in some of these regions, including Central Asia, Mongolia, and Persiathe Persian king allowed it to be set up. The first of the two periods of the dynasty was the Former Han Dynasty traditional Chinese: å‰?æ¼¢; simplified Chinese: å‰?汉; pinyin: Qiánhà n or Western Han Dynasty traditional Chinese: 西漢; simplified Chinese: 西汉; pinyin: XÄ« Hà n 206 BCE-24CE, seated at Chang'an. The Later Han Dynasty traditional Chinese: 後漢; simplified Chinese: å?Žæ±‰; pinyin: Hòu Hà n or Eastern Han Dynasty traditional Chinese: æ?±æ¼¢; simplified Chinese: 东汉; pinyin: DÅ?ng Hà n 25-220 CE was seated at Luoyang. The western-eastern Han convention is currently used to avoid confusion with the Later Han Dynasty of the Period of the Five Dynasties and the Ten Kingdoms although the former-later nomenclature was used in history texts including Sima Guang's Zizhi Tongjian. The Han Dynasty was notable also for its military prowess. The empire expanded westward to the Tarim Basin in modern Xinjiang-Uyghur Autonomous Region, with military expions as far west as beyond the Caspian Sea, making possible a relatively safe and secure caravan and mercantile traffic across Central Asia. The paths of caravan traffic came to be known as the Silk Road because the route was used to export Chinese silk. Chinese armies also invaded and annexed parts of northern Korea Wiman Joseon as well as establishing colonies and trading posts that eventually integrated with the locals and northern Vietnam toward the end of the 2nd century BC. The borders near the peripheral territories were often tense with possible conflict with other states. To ensure peace with non-Chinese powers, the Han court developed a mutually beneficial tributary system. Non-Chinese states were allowed to remain autonomous in exchange for symbolic acceptance of Han overlordship. Tributary ties were confirmed and strengthened through intermarriages at the ruling level and periodic exchanges of gifts and goods. Contents 1 Emergence 2 Taoism and feudal system 3 Emperor Wu and Confucianism 4 Government 5 Culture, society, and technology 6 Beginning of the Silk Road 7 Rise of landholding class 8 Interruption of Han rule 9 Restoration and new golden age 10 Decrease of administrative fairness and fall of Eastern Han Dynasty 11 Gallery of art 12 Emperors of Han Dynasty 13 See also 14 Notes 15 References 16 External links Emergence History of China History of China ANCIENT 3 Sovereigns and 5 Emperors Xia Dynasty 2100-1600 BC Shang Dynasty 1600-1046 BC Zhou Dynasty 1122-256 BC Western Zhou Eastern Zhou Spring and Autumn Period Warring States Period IMPERIAL Qin Dynasty 221 BC-206 BC Han Dynasty 206 BC-220 AD Western Han Xin Dynasty Eastern Han Three Kingdoms 220-280 Wei, Shu Wu Jin Dynasty 265-420 Western Jin 16 Kingdoms 304-439 Eastern Jin Southern Northern Dynasties 420-589 Sui Dynasty 581-618 Tang Dynasty 618-907 Second Zhou 690-705 5 Dynasties 10 Kingdoms 907-960 Liao Dynasty 907-1125 Song Dynasty 960-1279 Northern Song W. Xia Southern Song Jin Yuan Dynasty 1271-1368 Ming Dynasty 1368-1644 Qing Dynasty 1644-1911 MODERN Republic of China 1912-1949 People's Republic of China Mainland China 1949-present Republic of China Taiwan 1945-present Related Articles Dynasties in Chinese History Economic history of China Historiography of China History of Chinese Art History of Education in China History of Science and Technology in China Legal history of China Linguistic history of China Military history of China Naval History of China Timeline of Chinese History This box: view talk Western Han painting on silk was found draped over the coffin in the grave of Lady Dai c. 168 BC at Mawangdui near Changsha in Hunan province. Western Han painting on silk was found draped over the coffin in the grave of Lady Dai c. 168 BC at Mawangdui near Changsha in Hunan province. Within the first three months after Qin Dynasty Emperor Qin Shi Huang's death at Shaqiu, widespread revolts by peasants, prisoners, soldiers and descendants of the nobles of the six Warring States sprang up all over China. Chen Sheng and Wu Guang, two in a group of about 900 soldiers assigned to defend against the Xiongnu, were the leaders of the first rebellion. Continuous insurgence finally toppled the Qin dynasty in 206 BC. The leader of the insurgents was Xiang Yu, an outstanding military commander without political expertise, who divided the country into 19 feudal states to his own satisfaction. The ensuing war among those states signified the five years of Chu Han Contention with Liu Bang, the first emperor of the Han Dynasty, as the eventual winner with the help of Zhang Liang and Han Xin. Initially, Han the principality as created by Xiang Yu's division consisted merely of modern Sichuan, Chongqing, and southern Shaanxi and was a minor humble principality, but eventually grew into an empire; the Han Dynasty was named after the principality, which was itself named after Hanzhong traditional Chinese: æ¼¢ä¸; simplified Chinese: 汉ä¸; pinyin: hà nzhÅ?ng-modern southern Shaanxi, the region centering the modern city of Hanzhong. The beginning of the Han Dynasty can be dated either from 206 BC when the Qin dynasty crumbled and the Principality of Han was established or 202 BC when Xiang Yu committed suicide. Taoism and feudal system A Han Dynasty bronze mirror A Han Dynasty bronze mirror The new empire retained much of the Qin administrative structure, but retreated somewhat from centralized rule by establishing vassal principalities in some areas for the sake of political convenience. After the establishment of the Han Dynasty, Emperor Gao Liu Bang divided the country into several feudal states to satisfy some of his wartime allies, though he planned to get rid of them once he had consolidated his power. After his death, his successors from Emperor Hui to Emperor Jing tried to rule China combining Legalist methods with the Taoist philosophic ideals. During this pseudo-Taoism era, a stable centralized government over China was established through revival of the agriculture sectors and fragmentations of feudal states after the suppression of the Rebellion of the seven states. Emperor Wu and Confucianism A Western Han lamp with an adjustable sliding shutter, dated 172 BC, found in the tomb of Dou Wan. A Western Han lamp with an adjustable sliding shutter, dated 172 BC, found in the tomb of Dou Wan. During the Taoism era, China was able to maintain peace with Xiongnu by paying tribute and marrying princesses to them. During this time, the dynasty's goal was to relieve the society of harsh laws, wars, and conditions from both the Qin Dynasty, external threats from nomads, and early internal conflicts within the Han court. The government reduced taxation and assumed a subservient status to neighboring nomadic tribes. During this era, the government reduced its role in civilian lives traditional Chinese: 與民休æ?¯; simplified Chinese: 与民休æ?¯; pinyin: yÇ” mÃn xiÅ«xi and initiating a period of stability known as the Rule of Wen and Jing Chinese: 文景之治; pinyin: Wén-JÇ?ngzhÄ«zhì, named after the two Emperors of this particular era. However, under Emperor Wu, who reigned over one of the most prosperous periods of the Han Dynasty, the Empire was able to reassert its power. At its height, Han China incorporated present day Qinghai, Gansu, and northern Vietnam into its territories. The state mounted military expions into Siberian lands beyond Lake Baikal in the northern extremities and established military bases on the shores of the Caspian Sea at its western extremity. Emperor Wu decided that Taoism was no longer suitable for China and officially declared it a Confucian state; however, like the Emperors of China before him, he combined Legalist methods with the Confucian ideal. This official adoption of Confucianism led not only to a civil service nomination system, but also compulsory knowledge of Confucian classics among candidates for the imperial bureaucracy, a requirement that lasted up to the establishment of the Republic of China in 1911. Confucian scholars gained prominent status as the core of the civil service. Government Main article: Government of the Han Dynasty Eastern Han Dynasty tomb models of towers with dougong brackets supporting balconies, 1st-2nd century. Zhang Heng 78-139 described the large imperial park in the suburbs of Chang'an as having tall towers where archers would shoot stringed arrows from the top in order to entertain the Western Han emperors. Eastern Han Dynasty tomb models of towers with dougong brackets supporting balconies, 1st-2nd century. Zhang Heng 78-139 described the large imperial park in the suburbs of Chang'an as having tall towers where archers would shoot stringed arrows from the top in order to entertain the Western Han emperors.1 Han Dynasty commanderies and kingdoms, AD 2 Han Dynasty commanderies and kingdoms, AD 2 The bureaucratic system of the Han Dynasty can be divided into two systems, the central and the local. As for the central bureaucrats in the capital, it was organized into a head cabinet of officials called the Three Lords and Nine Ministers 三公ä¹?å?¿. This cabinet was led by the Chancellor 丞相, who was included as one of the three lords. Officials were graded by rank and salary, were appointed to posts based on the merit of their skills rather than aristocratic clan affiliation, and were subject to dismissal, demotion, and transfer to different administrative regions.2 The local official during the former Han Dynasty was different from that of the later Han Dynasty. As for the former Han, there were two administered levels, the county 郡 and the xian 縣. In the former Han Dynasty the xian was a subdivision or sub-prefecture of a county. During the Han period, there were about 1,180 of these xian, or sub-prefectures.3 The entire Han Empire was heavily dependent upon its county governors 郡太守, as they could decide military policy, economic regulations, and legal matters in the county they presided over. According to historians Ebrey, Walthall, and Palais: They collected taxes, judged lawsuits, commanded troops to suppress uprisings, undertook public works such as flood control, chose their own subordinates, and recommended local men to the central government for appointments.2 The main tax exacted on the population during Han times was a poll tax, fixed at a rate of 120 government-issued coins for adults.2 For adults there was also the addition of mandatory labor service for one month out of the year. Besides the poll tax, there was also the land tax administered by county and commandeer officials. This was set by the government at a relatively low rate of one-thirtieth of the collected harvest.2 With a large amount of revenue in stable times, the Han government was able to fund various public works projects and state infrastructure. In the year 3 CE, a formalized nationwide government school system was established under Emperor Ping of Han, with a central school located in the capital Chang'an and local schools in the prefectures and counties.4 As a result of the recorded debate The Discourses on Salt and Iron Chinese: Yan Tie Lun about state control over non-renewable resources in China, the state decided to impose government monopolies on salt and iron in the 1st century BC.5 The government monopoly on salt remained a distinctive feature of the Chinese bureaucracy in subsequent dynasties,6 although it fell out of use at certain times when merchants were allowed to mine it, refine it, and sell it in free trade.7 Culture, society, and technology Eastern Han tomb figurines playing the liubo gambling board game Eastern Han tomb figurines playing the liubo gambling board game Western Han lacquerwares and chopsticks Western Han lacquerwares and chopsticks The intellectual, literary, and artistic endeavors revived and flourished during the Han Dynasty. The Han period produced by birth China's most famous historian, Sima Qian 145-90 BC, whose Records of the Grand Historian provides a detailed chronicle from the time of legendary Xia emperor to that of the Emperor Wu 141-87 BC. Technological advances also marked this period. One of the great Chinese inventions, paper, dates from the Han Dynasty, largely attributed to the court eunuch Cai Lun 50 - 121 AD. By the 1st century BC, the Chinese had discovered how to forge the highly durable metal of steel, by melting together wrought iron with cast iron. There were great mathematicians, astronomers, statesmen, and technological inventors such as Zhang Heng 78 - 139 AD, who invented the world's first hydraulic-powered armillary sphere.89 He was also largely responsible for the early development of the shi poetry style in China. Zhang Heng's work in mechanical gear systems influenced countless numbers of inventors and engineers to follow, such as Ma Jun, Yi Xing, Zhang Sixun, Su Song, etc. Zhang Heng's most famous invention was a seismometer with a swinging pendulum that signified the cardinal direction of earthquakes that struck locations hundreds of kilometres away from the positioned device.81011 There was also continuing development in Chinese philosophy, with figures such as Wang Chong 27 - 97 AD, whose written work represented in part the great intellectual atmosphere of the day. Among his various written achievements, Wang Chong accurately described the water cycle in meteorology.12 Zhang Heng argued that light emanating from the moon was merely the reflected light that came originally from the sun, and accurately described the reasons for solar eclipse and lunar eclipse as path obstructions of light by the celestial bodies of the earth, sun, and moon.13 Han era bronze horse statue with saddle and plume, Freer Gallery of Art. Han era bronze horse statue with saddle and plume, Freer Gallery of Art. Military technology in the Han period was advanced by the use of cast iron and steel, which the 1st century engineer Du Shi had made easier by applying the hydraulic power of waterwheels in working the bellows of the blast furnace.14 The military of the Han Dynasty also engaged in chemical warfare, as written in the Hou Han Shu for the governor of Ling-ling, Yang Xuan, who fought against a peasant revolt near Guiyang in 178 AD: The bandits were numerous, and Yang's forces very weak, so his men were filled with alarm and despondency. But he organized several dozen horse-drawn vehicles carrying bellows to blow powdered lime strongly forth, he caused incendiary rags to be tied to the tails of a number of horses, and he prepared other vehicles full of bowmen and crossbowmen. The lime chariots went forward first, and as the bellows were plied the smoke was blown forwards according to the wind, then the rags were kindled and the frightened horses rushed forwards throwing the enemy lines into confusion, after which the bowmen and crossbowmen opened fire, the drums and gongs were sounded, and the terrified enemy was utterly destroyed and dispersed.15 There were other notable technological advancements during the Han period. This includes the hydraulic-powered trip hammer for agriculture and iron industry,16 the winnowing machine for agriculture,17 and the rotary fan and Cardan suspension of Ding Huan fl. 180 AD.18 Beginning of the Silk Road The 138-126 BC travels of Zhang Qian to the West, Mogao Caves, 618-712 AD mural. The 138-126 BC travels of Zhang Qian to the West, Mogao Caves, 618-712 AD mural. A Western Han cylindrical bronze container with lacquer-painted decoration. A Western Han cylindrical bronze container with lacquer-painted decoration. Main article: Silk Road Further information: Protectorate of the Western Regions and Chief Official of the Western Regions From 138 BC, Emperor Wu also dispatched Zhang Qian twice as his envoy to the Western Regions, and in the process pioneered the route known as the Silk Road from Chang'an today's Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, through Xinjiang and Central Asia, and on to the east coast of the Merranean Sea. Following Zhang Qian's embassy and report, commercial relations between China and Central as well as Western Asia flourished, as many Chinese missions were sent throughout the 1st century BC, initiating the development of the Silk Road: The largest of these embassies to foreign states numbered several hundred persons, while even the smaller parties included over 100 members... In the course of one year anywhere from five to six to over ten parties would be sent out. Shiji, trans. Burton Watson. China also sent missions to Parthia, which were followed up by reciprocal missions from Parthian envoys around 100 BC: When the Han envoy first visited the kingdom of Anxi Parthia, the king of Anxi dispatched a party of 20,000 horsemen to meet them on the eastern border of the kingdom... When the Han envoys set out again to return to China, the king of Anxi dispatched envoys of his own to accompany them... The emperor was delighted at this. Shiji, 123, trans. Burton Watson. The Han Dynasty in 2 CE, with military garrisons and dependent states and tribute cities as far as the Tarim Basin in the West The Han Dynasty in 2 CE, with military garrisons and dependent states and tribute cities as far as the Tarim Basin in the West By AD 97 the Chinese general Ban Chao had embarked on a military expion as far west as the landmass encompassed by present-day Ukraine in pursuit of fleeing Xiongnu insurgents, and returned eastward to establish base on the shores of the Caspian Sea with 70,000 men and established direct military contacts with the Parthian Empire, also dispatching an envoy to Rome in the person of Gan Ying. Several Roman embassies to China are recounted in Chinese history, starting with a Hou Hanshu History of the Later Han account of a Roman convoy set out by emperor Antoninus Pius that reached the Chinese capital Luoyang in 166 and was greeted by Emperor Huan. Good exchanges such as Chinese silk, African ivory, and Roman incense increased the contacts between the East and West. Contacts with the Kushan Empire led to the introduction of Buddhism to China from India in the first century. Rise of landholding class A terracotta horse head from the Late Han Dynasty 2nd century. A terracotta horse head from the Late Han Dynasty 2nd century. To secure funding for his triumphant campaigns against the Xiongnu, Emperor Wu relinquished land control to merchants and the rich, and in effect legalized the privatization of lands. Land taxes were based on the sizes of fields instead of on income. The harvest could not always pay the taxes completely as incomes from selling harvest were often market-driven and a stable amount could not be guaranteed, especially not after harvest-reducing natural disasters. Merchants and prominent families then lured peasants to sell their lands since land accumulation guaranteed living standards of theirs and their descendants' in the agricultural society of China. Lands were hence accumulating into a new class of landholding families. The Han government in turn imposed more taxes on the remaining independent servants in order to make up the tax losses, therefore encouraging more peasants to come under the landholding elite or the landlords. This could be seen through such examples as the written evidence in the Yan Tie Lun Discourses on Salt and Iron, written about 80 BC, where the Lord Grand Secretary is quoted in this passage in his support of nationalizing the salt and iron industries: Formerly the overbearing and powerful great families, obtaining control of the profits of the mountains and lakes, mined iron ore and smelted it with great bellows, and evaporated brine for salt. A single family would assemble a multitude, sometimes as many as a thousand men or more, for the most part wandering unattached plebeians fang liu ren min who had traveled far from their own villages, abandoning the tombs of their ancestors. Thus attaching themselves to the great families, they came together in the midst of mountain fastnesses or desolate marshes, bringing about thereby the fruition of business based on selfish intrigue for profit and intended to aggrandise the power of particular firms and factions.19 A bronze coin of the Han Dynasty-circa 1st century BC. A bronze coin of the Han Dynasty-circa 1st century BC. Ideally the peasants pay the landlords certain periodic usually annual amount of income, who in turn provide protection against crimes and other hazards. In fact an increasing number of peasant population in the prosperous Han society and limited amount of lands provided the elite to elevate their standards for any new subordinate peasants. The inadequate education and often complete illiteracy of peasants forced them into a living of providing physical services, which were mostly farming in an agricultural society. The peasants, without other professions for their better living, compromised to the lowered standard and sold their harvest to pay their landlords. In fact they often had to delay the payment or borrow money from their landlords in the aftermath of natural disasters that reduced harvests. To make the situation worse, some Han rulers double-taxed the peasants. Eventually the living conditions of the peasants worsened as they solely depended on the harvest of the land they once owned. The landholding elite and landlords, for their part, provided inaccurate information of subordinate peasants and lands to avoid paying taxes; to this very end corruption and incompetence of the Confucian scholar gentry on economics would play a vital part. Han court officials who attempted to strip lands out of the landlords faced such enormous resistance that their policies would never be put in to place. In fact only a member of the landholding families, for instance Wang Mang, was able to put his reforming ideals into effect despite failures of his turning the clock back policies. A Western Han bronze lamp in a depiction of a fenghuang phoenix A Western Han bronze lamp in a depiction of a fenghuang phoenix The Han government kept records on people's property to assess taxes. Yet government officials and secretaries weren't the only ones documenting property. In the Han period the prototype of contractual language and privately signed contracts appear for those wishing to keep their own private documents on their property for later use in court if necessary.20 However, creating signed contracts with documented witnesses and scribes was not in common use until the Tang period 618-907, while contractual language did not permeate Chinese life until the Yuan Dynasty 1279-1238, according to historians Valerie Hansen and Timothy Brook.20 Interruption of Han rule After 200 years, Han rule was interrupted briefly during AD 9-24 by Wang Mang, a reformer and a member of the landholding families. The economic situation deteriorated at the end of Western Han Dynasty. Wang Mang, believing the Liu family had lost the Mandate of Heaven, took power and turned the clock back with vigorous monetary and land reforms, which damaged the economy even further. Restoration and new golden age Han dynasty provinces AD 189 on the verge of collapsing Han dynasty provinces AD 189 on the verge of collapsing Tombs of the Han Dynasty Tombs of the Han Dynasty A distant relative of Liu royalty, Liu Xiu, prevailed after a number of agrarian rebellions had overthrown Wang Mang's Xin Dynasty, and he reestablished the Han Dynasty commonly referred to as the Eastern Han Dynasty, as his capital was at Luoyang, east of the old Han Dynasty capital at Chang'an in AD 25. He and his son Emperor Ming of Han and grandson Emperor Zhang of Han were generally considered able emperors whose reigns were the prime of the Eastern Han Dynasty. Military speaking, a new golden age also reappeared. In 97, Ban Chao and his troops went as far to reach the Caspian Sea, while this familly also provide notorious generals and historians. Decrease of administrative fairness and fall of Eastern Han Dynasty Main article: End of Han Dynasty After Emperor Zhang, however, the dynasty fell into states of corruption and political power struggles among three groups of powerful individuals -- eunuchs, empresses' clans, and Confucian scholar-officials. None of these three parties was able to improve the harsh livelihood of peasants under the landholding families. Land privatizations and accumulations on the hands of the elite affected the societies of the Three Kingdoms and the Southern and Northern Dynasties that the landholding elite held the actual driving and ruling power of the country. Successful ruling entities worked with these families, and consequently their policies favored the elite. Adverse effects of the Nine grade controller system or the Nine rank system were brilliant examples. Taiping Taoist ideals of equal rights and equal land distribution quickly spread throughout the peasantry. As a result, the peasant insurgents of the Yellow Turban Rebellion swarmed the North China Plain, the main agricultural sector of the country. Power of the Liu royalty then fell into the hands of local governors and warlords, despite suppression of the main upraising of Zhang Jiao and his brothers. Three overlords eventually succeeded in control of the whole of China proper, ushering in the period of the Three Kingdoms. The figurehead Emperor Xian reigned until 220 when Cao Pi forced his abdication. Gallery of art A Han Dynasty pottery palace from the Henan Provincial Museum Gentlemen in conversation, Eastern Han Dynasty Spirit guardians of day and night disguised as animals, paintings on tile, Han Dynasty A gilded bronze handle shaped as a dragon, Eastern Han Dynasty A Western Han Dynasty bronze tripod lamp A Western Han Dynasty gilt-bronze lamp set An Eastern Han lacquered wooden basket with three-inch figure painting, unearthed at Lolang, North Korea A bronze Western Han horse in mid gallop, 2nd century BC, found in Gansu Sculptures of maids and servants, 2nd century BC A terracotta sitting lady, 2nd-1st century BC Jade art work in depiction of Fenghuang, 2nd century BC Jade ornament from the Western Han period Emperors of Han Dynasty Han Dynasty Sovereigns Posthumous Name Personal Name Period of Reign Era Name Range of years Convention: Han + posthumous name, excepting Liu Gong, Liu Hong, Ruzi Ying, the Prince of Changyi, the Marquess of Beixiang, and the Prince of Hongnong. Western Han Dynasty 206 - 9 AD Gao Zu 高å¸? Liu Bang 劉邦 206 - 195 BC Did not exist Hui Di æƒ å¸? Liu Ying 劉盈 194 - 188 BC Did not exist Shao Di Shao Di Gong å°‘å¸? Liu Gong 劉æ? 188 - 184 BC Did not exist Shao Di Shao Di Hong å°‘å¸? Liu Hong 劉弘 184 - 180 BC Did not exist Wen Di æ–‡å¸? Liu Heng 劉æ?† 179 - 157 BC Hòuyuán 後元 163 - 156 BC Jing Di 景å¸? Liu Qi 劉啟 156 - 141 BC ZhÅ?ngyuán ä¸å…ƒ Hòuyuán 後元 149 - 143 BC 143 - 141 BC Wu Di æ¦å¸? Liu Che 劉徹 140 - 87 BC Jià nyuán 建元 YuánguÄ?ng元光 Yuánshuò 元朔 Yuánshòu 元狩 YuándÇ?ng 元鼎 YuánfÄ“ng å…ƒå°? Tà ichÅ« 太åˆ? TiÄ?nhà n 天漢 Tà ishÇ? 太始 ZhÄ“nghé å¾?å’Œ Hòuyuán 後元 140 - 135 BC 134 - 129 BC 128 - 123 BC 122 - 117 BC 116 - 111 BC 110 - 105 BC 104 - 101 BC 100 - 97 BC 96 - 93 BC 92 BC - 89 BC 88 - 87 BC Zhao Di æ˜å¸? Liu Fuling 劉弗陵 86 - 74 BC ShÇ?yuán 始元 Yuánfèng 元鳳 YuánpÃng 元平 86 - 80 BC 80 - 75 BC 74 BC The Prince of Changyi 昌邑王 or æµ·æ˜?侯 Liu He 劉賀 74 BC YuánpÃng 元平 74 BC Xuan Di 宣å¸? Liu Xun 劉詢 73 - 49 BC BÄ›nshÇ? 本始 Dìjié 地節 YuánkÄ?ng 元康 Shénjué 神爵 WÇ”fèng 五鳳 GÄ?nlù 甘露 Huánglóng 黃é¾? 73 BC - 70 BC 69 - 66 BC 65 - 61 BC 61 - 58 BC 57 - 54 BC 53 - 50 BC 49 BC Yuan Di å…ƒå¸? Liu Shi åŠ‰å¥ 48 - 33 BC ChÅ«yuán åˆ?å…ƒ YÇ’ngguÄ?ng 永光 Jià nzhÄ?o å»ºæ˜ JìngnÃng 竟寧 48 - 44 BC 43 - 39 BC 38 - 34 BC 33 BC Cheng Di æˆ?å¸? Liu Ao 劉é©? 32 - 7 BC Jià nshÇ? 建始 HépÃng 河平 Yángshuò 陽朔 HóngjiÄ? 鴻嘉 YÇ’ngshÇ? 永始 Yuányán 元延n2 SuÄ«hé ç¶?å’Œ 32 - 28 BC 28 - 25 BC 24 - 21 BC 20 - 17 BC 16 - 13 BC 12 - 9 BC 8 - 7 BC Ai Di å“€å¸? Liu Xin 劉欣 6 - 1 BC Jià npÃng 建平 Yuánshòu 元壽 6 - 3 BC 2 - 1 BC Ping Di å¹³å¸? Liu Kan 劉衎 1 BC - 5 AD YuánshÇ? 元始 1 BC - 5 AD Ruzi Ying åºå?嬰 Liu Ying 劉嬰 6 - 8 Jùshè å±…æ”? ChÅ«shÇ? åˆ?始 6 - October 8 November 8 - December 8 Xin Dynasty AD 9-23 Xin Dynasty of Wang Mang 王莽 9 - 23 ShÇ?jià nguó 始建國 TiÄ?nfÄ“ng 天鳳 Dìhuáng 地皇 9 - 13 14 - 19 20 - 23 Continuation of Han Dynasty Geng Shi Di 更始å¸? Liu Xuan 劉玄 23 - 25 GÄ“ngshÇ? 更始 23 - 25 Eastern Han Dynasty 25 - 220 Guang Wu Di å…‰æ¦å¸? Liu Xiu 劉秀 25 - 57 Jià nwÇ” å»ºæ¦ Jià nwÇ”zhongÅ?yuán 建æ¦ä¸å…ƒ 25 - 56 56 - 57 Ming Di 明å¸? Liu Zhuang 劉莊 58 - 75 YÇ’ngpÃng 永平 58 - 75 Zhang Di ç« å¸? Liu Da 劉炟 76 - 88 Jià nchÅ« 建åˆ? Yuánhé 元和 ZhÄ?nghé ç« å’Œ 76 - 84 84 - 87 87 - 88 He Di å’Œå¸? Liu Zhao 劉肇 89 - 105 YÇ’ngyuán 永元 YuánxÄ«ng 元興 89 - 105 105 Shang Di 殤å¸? Liu Long 劉隆 106 YánpÃng 延平 9 months in 106 An Di 安å¸? Liu Hu 劉祜 106 - 125 YÇ’ngchÅ« æ°¸åˆ? YuánchÅ« å…ƒåˆ? YÇ’ngnÃng 永寧 Jià nguÄ?ng 建光 YánguÄ?ng 延光 107 - 113 114 - 120 120 - 121 121 - 122 122 - 125 Shao Di, the Marquess of Beixiang å°‘å¸? or 北鄉侯 Liu Yi 劉懿 125 YánguÄ?ng 延光 125 Shun Di é †å¸? Liu Bao 劉ä¿? 125 - 144 YÇ’ngjià n 永建 YángjiÄ? 陽嘉 YÇ’nghé 永和 Hà n'Ä?n 漢安 Jià nkÄ?ng 建康 126 - 132 132 - 135 136 - 141 142 - 144 144 Chong Di æ²–å¸? Liu Bing 劉炳 144 - 145 YÅ?ngxÄ« 永嘉 145 Zhi Di 質å¸? Liu Zuan 劉纘 145 - 146 BÄ›nchÅ« 本åˆ? 146 Huan Di æ¡“å¸? Liu Zhi 劉志 146 - 168 Jià nhé 建和 HépÃng 和平 YuánjiÄ? 元嘉 YÇ’ngxÄ«ng 永興 YÇ’ngshòu 永壽 YánxÄ« 延熹 YÇ’ngkÄ?ng 永康 147 - 149 150 151 - 153 153 - 154 155 - 158 158 - 167 167 Ling Di é?ˆå¸? Liu Hong 劉å®? 168 - 189 Jià nnÃng 建寧 XÄ«pÃng 熹平 GuÄ?nghé 光和 ZhÅ?ngpÃng ä¸å¹³ 168 - 172 172 - 178 178 - 184 184 - 189 Shao Di, the Prince of Hongnong å°‘å¸? or 弘農王 Liu Bian 劉辯 189 GuÄ«ngxÄ« 光熹 Zhà onÃng æ˜å¯§ 189 189 Xian Di ç?»å¸? Liu Xie liú xié 劉å?” 189 - 220 YÇ’nghà n 永漢 ä¸å¹³ ChÅ«pÃng åˆ?å¹³ XÄ«ngpÃng 興平 Jià n'Ä?n 建安 YánkÄ?ng 延康 189 189 190 - 193 194 - 195 196 - 220 220 See also Battle of Gaixia Battle of Jushi Chu-Han Contention Chinese sovereign Kingdoms of Han Dynasty Emperor of China History of China List of largest empires Family tree of the Han Dynasty Mawangdui Notes ^ Bulling, 312. ^ a b c d Ebrey, 49. ^ Fairbank, 106. ^ Yuan, 193. ^ Menzies, 721. ^ Menzies, 721-722. ^ Ebrey et al. 2006, 164. ^ a b Needham, Volume 4, Part 2, 30. ^ Morton, 70. ^ Wright, 66. ^ Huang, 64. ^ Needham, Volume 3, 468. ^ Needham, Volume 3, 414. ^ Needham, Volume 4, Part 2, 370 ^ Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, 167. ^ Needham, Volume 4, Part 2, 184. ^ Needham, Volume 4, Part 2, 118. ^ Needham, Volume 4, Part 2, 233. ^ Needham, Volume 4, Part 2, 22. ^ a b Brook, 59. References Brook, Timothy. 1998. The Confusions of Pleasure: Commerce and Culture in Ming China. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-22154-0 Bulling, A. A Landscape Representation of the Western Han Period, Artibus Asiae Volume 25, Number 4, 1962: 293-317. Ebrey, Walthall, and Palais 2006. East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. ISBN 0-618-13384-4. Fairbank, John King and Merle Goldman 1992. China: A New History; Second Enlarged ion 2006. Cambridge: MA; London: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-01828-1 Huang, Ray 1997. China: A Macro History. New York: An East Gate Book, M. E. SHARPE Inc. Menzies, Nicholas K. Strategic Space: Exclusion and Inclusion in Wildland Policies in Late Imperial China, Modern Asian Studies Volume 26, Number 4, 1992: 719-733. Morton, W. Scott and Charlton M. Lewis 2005. China: It's History and Culture. New York: McGraw-Hill, Inc. Needham, Joseph 1986. Science and Civilization in China: Volume 4, Part 2. Taipei: Caves Books, Ltd. Needham, Joseph 1986. Science and Civilization in China: Volume 5, Part 7. Taipei: Caves Books, Ltd. Wright, David Curtis 2001 The History of China. Westport: Greenwood Press. Yuan, Zheng. Local Government Schools in Sung China: A Reassessment, History of Education Quarterly Volume 34, Number 2; Summer 1994: 193-213. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Han Dynasty Han Dynasty by Minnesota State University Han Dynasty art with video commentary, Minneapolis Institute of Arts Preceded by Qin Dynasty Dynasties in Chinese history 206 BC - AD 220 Succeeded by Three Kingdoms v d e A History of Empires Ancient empires Akkadian Empire · Ancient Egypt · Neo-Assyrian Empire · Hittite Empire · Achaemenid Persian Empire · Athenian Empire · Macedonian Empire Ptolemaic Empire · Seleucid Empire · Carthaginian Empire · Maurya Indian Empire · Gupta Indian Empire · Qin Chinese Empire · Han Chinese Empire · Roman Empire Western Roman Empire · Eastern Roman Empire · Sassanid Persian Empire Medieval empires Byzantine Empire · Hunnic Empire · Arab Empire Rashidun Empire · Umayyad Empire · Abbasid Empire · Fatimid Empire · Almohad Empire · Ghaznavid Empire · Great Seljuq Empire · Khwarezmian Empire · Timurid Empire · Chola Indian Empire · Mongol Empire · Serbian Empire · Bulgarian Empire · Carolingian Empire · Holy Roman Empire · Angevin Empire · Mali Empire · Tang Chinese Empire · Song Chinese Empire · Yuan Chinese Empire · Inca Empire Modern empires Mughal Indian Empire · Ming Chinese Empire · Qing Chinese Empire · Ottoman Empire · Safavid Persian Empire · Ethiopian Empire · Portuguese Empire · Spanish Empire · Iberian Union Empire · Dutch Empire · British Empire · French Napoleonic Empire · French Colonial Empire · German Empire · German Colonial Empire · Russian Empire · Swedish Empire · Austro-Hungarian Empire · Brazilian Empire Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Han_Dynasty Categories: Former countries in Chinese history | Former empires | Former monarchies of Asia | 206 BC establishments | 220 disestablishments | Han DynastyHidden categories: Articles to be expanded since April 2008 | All articles to be expanded Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages Brezhoneg Català Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Ù?ارسی Français 文言 í•œêµì–´ Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Ã?slenska Italiano Kiswahili LatvieÅ¡u Lietuvių Magyar मराठी Nederlands 日本語 ‪Norsk bokmÃ¥l‬ Polski Português РуÑ?Ñ?кий Simple English Srpskohrvatski / СрпÑ?кохрватÑ?ки Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழà¯? ไทย Tiếng Việt Türkçe УкраїнÑ?ька ä¸æ–‡ This page was last modified on 12 September 2008, at 09:0
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