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14-September-2008 18:02:36 - Heart This article is about the organ. For other uses, see Heart disambiguation. Human heart with coronary arteries. Human heart with coronary arteries. The heart is a muscular organ in all vertebrates responsible for pumping blood through the blood vessels by repeated, rhythmic contractions, or a similar structure in annelids, mollusks, and arthropods. The term cardiac as in cardiology means related to the heart and comes from the Greek καÏ?δία, kardia, for heart. The heart of a vertebrate is composed of cardiac muscle, an involuntary muscle tissue which is found only within this organ. The average human heart beating at 72 BPM, will beat approximately 2.5 billion times during a lifetime spanning 66 years. Contents 1 Early development 2 Structure 3 Functioning 4 First aid 5 History of discoveries 6 Food use 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Early development Main article: Heart development The animal heart is derived from embryonic mesoderm germ-layer cells that differentiate after gastrulation into mesothelium, endothelium, and myocardium. Mesothelial pericardium forms the outer lining of the heart. The inner lining of the heart, lymphatic and blood vessels develop from endothelium. Myocardium develops into heart muscle.1 From splachnopleuric mesoderm tissue, the cardiogenic plate develops cranially and laterally to the neural plate. In the cardiogenic plate, two separate angiogenic cell clusters form on either side of the embryo. Each cell cluster coalesces to form an endocardial tube continuous with a dorsal aorta and a vitteloumbilical vein. As embryonic tissue continues to fold, the two endocardial tubes are pushed into the thoracic cavity and begin to fuse together and are completely fused at approximately 21 days.2 At 21 days after conception, the human heart begins beating at 70 to 80 beats per minute and accelerates linearly for the first month of beating. At 21 days after conception, the human heart begins beating at 70 to 80 beats per minute and accelerates linearly for the first month of beating. The human embryonic heart begins beating around 21 days after conception, or five weeks after the last normal menstrual period LMP, which is the date normally used to date pregnancy. It is unknown how blood in the human embryo circulates for the first 21 days in the absence of a functioning heart. The human heart begins beating at a rate near the mother's, about 75-80 beats per minute BPM. The embryonic heart rate EHR then accelerates linearly for the first month of beating, peaking at 165-185 BPM during the early 7th week, early 9th week after the LMP. This acceleration is approximately 3.3 BPM per day, or about 10 BPM every three days, an increase of 100 BPM in the first month.3 After peaking at about 9.2 weeks after the LMP, it decelerates to about 152 BPM +/-25 BPM during the 15th week after the LMP. After the 15th week the deceleration slows reaching an average rate of about 145 +/-25 BPM BPM at term. The regression formula which describes this acceleration before the embryo reaches 25 mm in crown-rump length or 9.2 LMP weeks is Age in days = EHR0.3+6 There is no difference in male and female heart rates before birth.4 Structure The structure of the heart varies among the different branches of the animal kingdom. See Circulatory system. Cephalopods have two gill hearts and one systemic heart. Fish have a two-chambered heart that pumps the blood to the gills and from there it goes on to the rest of the body. In amphibians and most reptiles, a double circulatory system is used, but the heart is not always completely separated into two pumps. Amphibians have a three-chambered heart. Birds and mammals show complete separation of the heart into two pumps, for a total of four heart chambers; it is thought that the four-chambered heart of birds evolved independently from that of mammals. Human heart removed from a 64-year-old male. Human heart removed from a 64-year-old male. In the human body, the heart is usually situated in the middle of the thorax with the largest part of the heart slightly offset to the left although sometimes it is on the right, see dextrocardia, underneath the breastbone see diagrams. The heart is usually felt to be on the left side because the left heart left ventricle is stronger it pumps to all body parts. The left lung is smaller than the right lung because the heart occupies more of the left hemithorax. The heart is enclosed by a sac known as the pericardium and is surrounded by the lungs. The pericardium comprises two parts: the fibrous pericardium, made of dense fibrous connective tissue; and a double membrane structure containing a serous fluid to reduce friction during heart contractions the serous pericardium. The mediastinum, a subdivision of the thoracic cavity, is the name of the heart cavity. 5 The apex is the blunt point situated in an inferior pointing down and left direction. A stethoscope can be placed directly over the apex so that the beats can be counted. It is located posterior to the 5th intercostal space in the left mid-clavicular line. In normal adults, the mass of the heart is 250-350 g 9-12 oz, or about three quarters the size of a clenched fist, but extremely diseased hearts can be up to 1000 g 2 lb in mass due to hypertrophy. It consists of four chambers, the two upper atria singular: atrium and the two lower ventricles. Functioning This section does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. June 2008 In humans, the function of the right side of the heart see right heart is to collect de-oxygenated blood, in the right atrium, from the body and pump it, via the right ventricle, into the lungs pulmonary circulation so that carbon dioxide can be dropped off and oxygen picked up gas exchange. This happens through the passive process of diffusion. The left side see left heart collects oxygenated blood from the lungs into the left atrium. From the left atrium the blood moves to the left ventricle which pumps it out to the body. On both sides, the lower ventricles are thicker and stronger than the upper atria. The muscle wall surrounding the left ventricle is thicker than the wall surrounding the right ventricle due to the higher force needed to pump the blood through the systemic circulation. Starting in the right atrium, the blood flows through the tricuspid valve to the right ventricle. Here it is pumped out the pulmonary semilunar valve and travels through the pulmonary artery to the lungs. From there, blood flows back through the pulmonary vein to the left atrium. It then travels through the mitral valve to the left ventricle, from where it is pumped through the aortic semilunar valve to the aorta. The aorta forks, and the blood is divided between major arteries which supply the upper and lower body. The blood travels in the arteries to the smaller arterioles, then finally to the tiny capillaries which feed each cell. The relatively deoxygenated blood then travels to the venules, which coalesce into veins, then to the inferior and superior venae cavae and finally back to the right atrium where the process began. The heart is effectively a syncytium, a meshwork of cardiac muscle cells interconnected by contiguous cytoplasmic bridges. This relates to electrical stimulation of one cell spreading to neighboring cells. First aid This section does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. June 2008 Heart Heart The heart is one of the critical organs of an animal's body, as it pumps oxygenated blood to feed the body's biological functions. The cessation of the heartbeat, referred to as cardiac arrest, is a critical emergency. Without intervention, death can occur within minutes of cardiac arrest since the brain requires a continuous supply of oxygen and cannot survive for long if that supply is cut off. If a person is encountered in cardiac arrest, cardiopulmonary resuscitation CPR should be started and help called. Use of a defibrillator is preferred, if available, to attempt to restore a normal heartbeat; many public areas have portable defibrillators available for such emergencies. Usually, if there is enough time, the person can be rushed to the hospital where he or she will be resucitated in the Emergency Department. Electrical innervation of the heart in health is supplied by two closely intertwined mechanisms. The first mechanism is well demonstrated in electrical coil systole interpreted by the electrocardiogram as QRS as an individualized myocardial electrical tree initiated by the sinoatrial node. Secondary diastolic electrical control is posited to represent autonomic recoil control from the vagus nerve and cardiac branches and the thoracic ganglia. History of discoveries This section does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. June 2008 The valves of the heart were discovered by a physician of the Hippocratean school around the 4th century BC. However their function was not properly understood then. Because blood pools in the veins after death, arteries look empty. Ancient anatomists assumed they were filled with air and that they were for transport of air. Philosophers distinguished veins from arteries but thought that the pulse was a property of arteries themselves. Erasistratos observed that arteries that were cut during life bleed. He ascribed the fact to the phenomenon that air escaping from an artery is replaced with blood that entered by very small vessels between veins and arteries. Thus he apparently postulated capillaries but with reversed flow of blood. The 2nd century AD, Greek physician Galenos Galen knew that blood vessels carried blood and identified venous dark red and arterial brighter and thinner blood, each with distinct and separate functions. Growth and energy were derived from venous blood created in the liver from chyle, while arterial blood gave vitality by containing pneuma air and originated in the heart. Blood flowed from both creating organs to all parts of the body where it was consumed and there was no return of blood to the heart or liver. The heart did not pump blood around, the heart's motion sucked blood in during diastole and the blood moved by the pulsation of the arteries themselves. Galen believed that the arterial blood was created by venous blood passing from the left ventricle to the right by passing through 'pores' in the inter ventricular septum, air passed from the lungs via the pulmonary artery to the left side of the heart. As the arterial blood was created 'sooty' vapors were created and passed to the lungs also via the pulmonary artery to be exhaled. Food use This section does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. June 2008 The hearts of cattle, sheep, pigs, chickens and certain fowl are consumed in many countries. They are counted among offal, but being a muscle, the taste of heart is like regular meat. It resembles venison in structure and taste. See also Cardiac cycle Electrocardiogram Electrical conduction system of the heart References ^ Animal Tissues ^ Main Frame Heart Development ^ OBGYN.net Embryonic Heart Rates Compared in Assisted and Non-Assisted Pregnancies ^ Terry J. DuBose http://www.obgyn.net/english/pubs/features/dubose/ehr-age.htm Sex, Heart Rate and Age ^ Maton, Anthea; Jean Hopkins, Charles William McLaughlin, Susan Johnson, Maryanna Quon Warner, David LaHart, Jill D. Wright 1993. Human Biology and Health. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-981176-1. External links Look up Heart in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Heart Heart contraction and blood flow animation Heart Disease eMedicine: Surgical anatomy of the heart Very Comprehensive Heart Site Self Improvement Wednesday - ABC 702 Drive audio The circulatory system The position of the heart Interactive 3D heart This realistic heart can be rotated, and all its components can be studied from any angle. Heart care How to take care of your heart. BioArtificialHearts.com Information about bioartificial hearts. v d e Anatomy of torso, cardiovascular system: heart Structures atria interatrial septum, musculi pectinati ventricles interventricular septum, trabeculae carneae, chordae tendinae, papillary muscle valves cusps Regions base apex grooves coronary/atrioventricular, interatrial, anterior interventricula, posterior interventricular surfaces sternocostal, diaphragmatic borders right, left Right heart vena cavae, coronary sinus → right atrium atrial appendage, fossa ovalis, limbus of fossa ovalis, crista terminalis, valve of the inferior vena cava, valve of the coronary sinus → tricuspid valve → right ventricle conus arteriosus, moderator band/septomarginal trabecula → pulmonary valve → pulmonary artery and pulmonary circulation Left heart pulmonary veins → left atrium atrial appendage → mitral valve → left ventricle → aortic valve aortic sinus → aorta and systemic circulation Layers pericardium: fibrous pericardium serous pericardium pericardial cavity, epicardium/visceral layer pericardial sinus myocardium endocardium cardiac skeleton fibrous trigone, fibrous rings Conduction system Cardiac pacemaker SA node AV node bundle of His Purkinje fibers v d e Cardiovascular system Systemic circulation Heart → Aorta → Arteries → Arterioles → Capillaries → Venules → Veins → Vena cava → Heart Pulmonary circulation Heart → Pulmonary arteries → Lungs → Pulmonary vein → Heart Blood vessels Endothelium - Tunica intima - Tunica media - Tunica externa Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Heart Categories: Cardiovascular system | Thorax | OrgansHidden category: Articles needing additional references from June 2008 Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages Afrikaans العربية Avañe'ẽ Aymar AzÉ™rbaycan বাংলা Bân-lâm-gú Bosanski БългарÑ?ки Català Чăвашла ÄŒesky Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Þ‹Þ¨ÞˆÞ¬Þ€Þ¨Þ„Þ¦Þ?Þ° Eesti Ελληνικά Emilià n e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Euskara Ù?ارسی Føroyskt Français Gaeilge Galego í•œêµì–´ हिनà¥?दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Ã?slenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Kapampangan ಕನà³?ನಡ ქáƒ?რთული Қазақша Kurdî / كوردی Latina LatvieÅ¡u Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Lingála Magyar МакедонÑ?ки മലയാളം Malti मराठी Bahasa Melayu NÄ?huatl Nederlands 日本語 ‪Norsk bokmÃ¥l‬ ‪Norsk nynorsk‬ Nouormand Pangasinan پښتو Plattdüütsch Polski Português Ripoarisch Română Runa Simi РуÑ?Ñ?кий Shqip Sicilianu Simple English SlovenÄ?ina SlovenÅ¡Ä?ina Åšlůnski СрпÑ?ки / Srpski Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழà¯? తెలà±?à°—à±? ไทย Tiếng Việt Тоҷикӣ Türkçe УкраїнÑ?ька اردو Võro West-Vlams ייִדיש 粵語 Chavacano de Zamboanga Zazaki ä¸æ–‡ This page was last modified on 13 September 2008, at 21:41
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