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14-September-2008 18:02:46 - physiology Human physiology is the science of the mechanical, physical, and biochemical functions of humans in good health, their organs, and the cells of which they are composed. The principal level of focus of physiology is at the level of organs and systems. Most aspects of human physiology are closely homologous to corresponding aspects of animal physiology, and animal experimentation has provided much of the foundation of physiological knowledge. Anatomy and physiology are closely related fields of study: anatomy, the study of form, and physiology, the study of function, are intrinsically tied and are studied in tandem as part of a medical curriculum. Contents 1 Integration, Communication, and Homeostasis 2 Systems 3 See also 4 External links Integration, Communication, and Homeostasis The biological basis of the study of physiology, integration refers to the overlap of many functions of the systems of the human body, as well as its accompanied form. It is achieved through communication which occurs in a variety of ways, both electrically as well as chemically. In terms of the human body, the endocrine and nervous systems play major roles in the reception and transmission of signals which integrate function. Homeostasis is the process by which the body maintains a stable internal environment, or one of similar condition as described by Walter Bradford Cannon. In Cannon's Postulate, the body's ability to regulate pH, temperature, fluid volume, pressure, and osmolarity are recognized through highly evolved feedback systems, which act to finely tune many different chemical and electrical responses. The concentration of ions in relations to one another e.g. Na+, K+, H+ determine the body's pH, which is closely regulated by the respiratory and urinary systems. Temperature in the body is determined by both the external environment of the organism as well as the amount of heat produced by anabolic reactions within the body regulated by respiratory and cardiovascular systems Fluid volume and pressure, and osmolarity are regulated by the urinary, cardiovascular, and respiratory systems. Physiology is the study of these systems' integrated functions and the processes by which they maintain the milieu interieur, or internal environment. Systems Traditionally, the academic discipline of physiology views the body as a collection of interacting systems, each with its own combination of functions and purposes. System Clinical study Physiology The nervous system consists of the central nervous system which is the brain and spinal cord and peripheral nervous system. The brain is the organ of thought, emotion, and sensory processing, and serves many aspects of communication and control of various other systems and functions. The special senses consist of vision, hearing, taste, and smell. The eyes, ears, tongue, and nose gather information about the body's environment. neuroscience, neurology disease, psychiatry behavioral, ophthalmology vision, otolaryngology hearing, taste, smell neurophysiology The musculoskeletal system consists of the human skeleton which includes bones, ligaments, tendons, and cartilage and attached muscles. It gives the body basic structure and the ability for movement. In addition to their structural role, the larger bones in the body contain bone marrow, the site of production of blood cells. Also, all bones are major storage sites for calcium and phosphate. osteology skeleton, orthopedics bone disorders cell physiology, musculoskeletal physiology The circulatory system consists of the heart and blood vessels arteries, veins, capillaries. The heart propels the circulation of the blood, which serves as a transportation system to transfer oxygen, fuel, nutrients, waste products, immune cells, and signalling molecules i.e., hormones from one part of the body to another. The blood consists of fluid that carries cells in the circulation, including some that move from tissue to blood vessels and back, as well as the spleen and bone marrow. cardiology heart, hematology blood cardiovascular physiology The respiratory system consists of the nose, nasopharynx, trachea, and lungs. It brings oxygen from the air and excretes carbon dioxide and water back into the air. pulmonology. respiratory physiology The gastrointestinal system consists of the mouth, esophagus, stomach, gut small and large intestines, and rectum, as well as the liver, pancreas, gallbladder, and salivary glands. It converts food into small, nutritional, non-toxic molecules for distribution by the circulation to all tissues of the body, and excretes the unused residue. gastroenterology gastrointestinal physiology The integumentary system consists of the covering of the body the skin, including hair and nails as well as other functionally important structures such as the sweat glands and sebaceous glands. The skin provides containment, structure, and protection for other organs, but it also serves as a major sensory interface with the outside world. dermatology cell physiology, skin physiology The urinary system consists of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. It removes water from the blood to produce urine, which carries a variety of waste molecules and excess ions and water out of the body. nephrology function, urology structural disease renal physiology The reproductive system consists of the gonads and the internal and external sex organs. The reproductive system produces gametes in each sex, a mechanism for their combination, and a nurturing environment for the first 9 months of development of the offspring. gynecology women, andrology men, sexology behavioral aspects embryology developmental aspects reproductive physiology The immune system consists of the white blood cells, the thymus, lymph nodes and lymph channels, which are also part of the lymphatic system. The immune system provides a mechanism for the body to distinguish its own cells and tissues from alien cells and substances and to neutralize or destroy the latter by using specialized proteins such as antibodies, cytokines, and toll-like receptors, among many others. immunology immunology The endocrine system consists of the principal endocrine glands: the pituitary, thyroid, adrenals, pancreas, parathyroids, and gonads, but nearly all organs and tissues produce specific endocrine hormones as well. The endocrine hormones serve as signals from one body system to another regarding an enormous array of conditions, and resulting in variety of changes of function. endocrinology endocrinology The traditional divisions by system are somewhat arbitrary. Many body parts participate in more than one system, and systems might be organized by function, by embryological origin, or other categorizations. In particular, is the neuroendocrine system, the complex interactions of the neurological and endocrinological systems which together regulate physiology. Furthermore, many aspects of physiology are not as easily included in the traditional organ system categories. The study of how physiology is altered in disease is pathophysiology. See also Comparative physiology Darwinian medicine Evolutionary psychology Krogh Principle Physiology Thrifty phenotype External links Wikibooks Wikibooks has a book on the topic of Human Physiology Human Physiology textbook at Wikibooks Overview at Medical College of Georgia v d e Nervous system physiology: neurophysiology Evoked potential Bereitschaftspotential - P300 - Auditory evoked potential - Somatosensory evoked potentials - Somatosensory evoked potentials - Visual evoked potential - Excitatory postsynaptic potential Other Arousal Wakefulness - Axoplasmic transport - Intracranial pressure - Chronaxie - Lateralization of brain function - Membrane potential - Action potential - Nerve regeneration - Long-term potentiation - Reflex - Sensation - Sleep - Neurotransmission - Memory v d e Musculoskeletal physiology Phenomena Bone density · Hand strength · Muscle tone Processes Bone remodeling Osseointegration, Bone resorption, Osteolysis · Exertion Exercise · Movement Eye movement, Gait, Locomotion · Muscle contraction Isometric, Isotonic, Contraction · Osteogenesis · Chondrogenesis v d e Cardiovascular system, physiology: cardiovascular physiology Volumes Preload - Afterload - End-systolic volume - End-diastolic volume - Frank-Starling law of the heart Interactions Cardiac output - Cardiac cycle - Wiggers diagram - Pressure volume diagram Tropism Chronotropic - Dromotropic - Inotropic - Batmotropic - Lusitropic Hemodynamics Baroreflex - Kinin-kallikrein system - Renin-angiotensin system - Vasoconstrictors - Vasodilators - Compliance - Vascular resistance Other Electrical conduction system of the heart Cardiac action potential - Heart sounds Gallop rhythm, Third heart sound, Fourth heart sound - Pulse - Blood flow v d e Respiratory system, physiology: respiratory physiology Volumes lung volumes - vital capacity - functional residual capacity - respiratory minute volume - closing capacity - dead space - spirometry - body plethysmography - peak flow meter - thoracic independent volume Airways ventilation V positive pressure - breath inhalation, exhalation -respiratory rate - respirometer - pulmonary surfactant - compliance - hysteresivity - airway resistance - bronchial hyperresponsiveness - bronchial challenge test Blood pulmonary circulation - perfusion Q - hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction - pulmonary shunt Interactions ventilation/perfusion ratio V/Q and scan - zones of the lung - gas exchange - pulmonary gas pressures - alveolar gas equation - alveolar-arterial gradient - hemoglobin - oxygen-haemoglobin dissociation curve 2,3-DPG, Bohr effect, Haldane effect - carbonic anhydrase chloride shift - oxyhemoglobin - respiratory quotient - arterial blood gas - diffusion capacity - Dlco Control of respiration pons pneumotaxic center, apneustic center - medulla dorsal respiratory group, ventral respiratory group - chemoreceptors central, peripheral - pulmonary stretch receptors Hering-Breuer reflex Insufficiency high altitude - oxygen toxicity - hypoxia v d e Digestive system, physiology: gastrointestinal physiology Enteric nervous system Meissner's plexus - Auerbach's plexus Exocrine Chief cells Pepsinogen - Parietal cells Gastric acid, Intrinsic factor - Goblet cells Mucus Endocrine/paracrine G cells gastrin, D cells somatostatin - ECL cells Histamine - enterogastrone: I cells CCK, K cells GIP, S cells secretin, Enteroendocrine cells Border Brunner's glands - Paneth cells - Enterocytes Fluids Saliva - Bile - Intestinal juice - Gastric juice - Pancreatic juice Processes Swallowing - Vomiting - Peristalsis Interstitial cell of Cajal - Migrating motor complex - Borborygmus - Gastrocolic reflex - Segmentation contractions - Defecation - Enterohepatic circulation v d e Urinary system, physiology: renal physiology and acid base physiology Filtration Renal blood flow - Ultrafiltration - Countercurrent exchange Hormones affecting filtration Antidiuretic hormone ADH - Aldosterone - Atrial natriuretic peptide Secretion/clearance Pharmacokinetics - Clearance of medications Reabsorption Solvent drag - Na+ - Cl- - urea - glucose - oligopeptides - protein Endocrine Renin - Erythropoietin EPO - Calcitriol Active vitamin D - Prostaglandins Assessing Renal function/ Measures of dialysis Glomerular filtration rate - Creatinine clearance - Renal clearance ratio - Urea reduction ratio - Kt/V - Standardized Kt/V - Hemodialysis product - PAH clearance Effective renal plasma flow - Extraction ratio Acid base physiology Fluid balance - Darrow Yannet diagram - Body water - Interstitial fluid - Extracellular fluid - Intracellular fluid/Cytosol - Plasma - Transcellular fluid - Base excess - Davenport diagram - Anion gap - Arterial blood gas Buffering/compensation Bicarbonate buffering system - Respiratory compensation - Renal compensation v d e Human physiology and endocrinology of reproduction Anatomy and physiology Reproductive system male, female Menstrual/Estrous cycle Menstruation - Follicular phase - Ovulation - Luteal phase Gametogenesis Spermatogenesis spermatogonium, spermatocyte, spermatid, sperm - Oogenesis oogonium, oocyte, ootid, ovum - Germ cell gonocyte, gamete Sexuality Human sexual behavior - Sexual intercourse - Erection - Ejaculation - Orgasm - Insemination - Fertilisation/Fertility - Masturbation - Pregnancy - Postpartum period Lifespan Prenatal development - Sexual dimorphism - Sexual differentiation - Puberty Menarche, Adrenarche - Maternal age / Paternal age - Climacteric Menopause, Andropause Eggs Ovum - Oviposition - Oviparity - Ovoviviparity - Viviparity Reproductive endocrinology Hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis - Andrology - Hormone Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Human_physiology Categories: Respiratory therapy | Human physiology Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages العربية Español Gaeilge МакедонÑ?ки 日本語 Polski Português Svenska Tiếng Việt ä¸æ–‡ This page was last modified on 12 September 2008, at 17:15
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