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14-September-2008 18:02:46 - placental lactogen HPL redirects here. For other uses, see HPL disambiguation. chorionic somatomammotropin hormone 1 placental lactogen Identifiers Symbol CSH1 Entrez 1442 HUGO 2440 OMIM 150200 RefSeq NM_001317 UniProt Q6PF11 Other data Locus Chr. 17 q22-q24 chorionic somatomammotropin hormone 2 Identifiers Symbol CSH2 Entrez 1443 HUGO 2441 OMIM 118820 RefSeq NM_020991 UniProt P01243 Other data Locus Chr. 17 q22-q24 Human placental lactogen HPL, also called human chorionic somatomammotropin, is a polypeptide placental hormone. Its structure and function is similar to that of human growth hormone. It modifies the metabolic state of the mother during pregnancy to facilitate the energy supply of the fetus. HPL is an anti-insulin. Contents 1 Structure 2 Levels 3 Function 4 Clinical measurement of HPL 5 References 6 External links Structure HPL consists of 190 amino acids that are linked by two disulfite bonds and is secreted by the syncytiotrophoblast during pregnancy. Its molecular weight is 22,125. Like human growth hormone HPL is encoded by genes on chromosome 17q22-24. Its biologic half-life is 15 minutes. Levels HPL is only present during pregnancy with maternal serum levels rising in relation to the growth of the fetus and placenta. Maximum levels are reached near term, typically to 5-7 mg/ml. Higher levels are noted in patients with multiple gestation. Little HPL enters the fetal circulation. Function In a bioassay HPL mimics the action of prolactin, yet it is unclear if HPL has any role in human lactation. HPL affects the metabolic system of the maternal organism. HPL decreases maternal insulin sensitivity, and therefore raises maternal blood glucose levels, whilst decreasing maternal glucose utilization, which helps ensure adequate fetal nutrition the mother responds by pancreatic endocrine upregulation; this is thought to represent an evolutionary 'arms-race' resulting from the conflict of interest between mother and fetus. Chronic hypoglycemia leads to a rise in HPL. HPL induces lipolysis with the release of free fatty acids. With fasting and release of HPL, free fatty acids become available for the maternal organism as fuel, so that relatively more glucose can be utilized by the fetus. Also, ketones formed from free fatty acids can cross the placenta and be used by the fetus. These functions help support fetal nutrition even in the case of maternal malnutrition. HPL has weak actions similar to growth hormone in that it causes the formation of protein tissues, and has a similar chemical structure to growth hormone, but 100 times more HPL than growth hormone is required to promote growth. Clinical measurement of HPL While HPL has been used as an indicator of fetal well-being and growth, other fetal monitoring methods have been found to be more reliable. Also, normal pregnancies have been reported with undetectable maternal levels of HPL. References Speroff L, Glass RH, Kase NG. Clinical Gynecologic Endocrinology and Infertility. Sixth ion. Lippincott Williams Wilkins, Baltimore, MD 1999. ISNB 0-683-30379-1. External links MeSH Human+Placental+Lactogen v d e Endocrine system: hormones/endocrine glands Peptide hormones, Steroid hormones Hypothalamic-pituitary Hypothalamus: TRH, CRH , GnRH, GHRH, somatostatin, dopamine - Posterior pituitary: vasopressin, oxytocin - Anterior pituitary: α FSH, LH, TSH, GH, prolactin, POMC ACTH, MSH, endorphins, lipotropin Adrenal axis Adrenal medulla: epinephrine, norepinephrine - Adrenal cortex: aldosterone, cortisol, DHEA Thyroid axis Thyroid: thyroid hormone T3 and T4 - calcitonin - Parathyroid: PTH Gonadal axis Testis: testosterone, AMH, inhibin - Ovary: estradiol, progesterone, inhibin/activin, relaxin pregnancy Other end. glands Pancreas: glucagon, insulin, somatostatin - Pineal gland: melatonin Non-end. glands Placenta: hCG, HPL, estrogen, progesterone - Kidney: renin, EPO, calcitriol, prostaglandin - Heart atrium: ANP - Stomach: gastrin, ghrelin - Duodenum: CCK, GIP, secretin, motilin, VIP - Ileum: enteroglucagon - Adipose tissue: leptin, adiponectin, resistin - Thymus: Thymosin - Thymopoietin - Thymulin - Skeleton: Osteocalcin - Liver/other: Insulin-like growth factor IGF-1, IGF-2 Target-derived NGF, BDNF, NT-3 Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Human_placental_lactogen Categories: Genes on chromosome 17 | Peptide hormones | Placental hormonesHidden category: Protein pages needing a picture Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages Deutsch Þ‹Þ¨ÞˆÞ¬Þ€Þ¨Þ„Þ¦Þ?Þ° Polski Suomi This page was last modified on 7 August 2008, at 15:1
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