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14-September-2008 18:02:40 - Hydrochlorothiazide Hydrochlorothiazide Systematic IUPAC name 6-chloro-3,4-dihydro-2H- 1,2,4-benzothiadiazine- 7-sulfonamide 1,1-dioxide Identifiers CAS number 58-93-5 ATC code C03AA03 PubChem 3639 Chemical data Formula C7H8ClN3O4S2 Mol. mass 297.742 SMILES eMolecules PubChem Pharmacokinetic data Bioavailability Variably absorbed from GI tract Metabolism does not undergo significant metabolism 95% excreted unchanged in urine1 Half life 5.6-14.8 hours Excretion Primarily excreted unchanged in urine Therapeutic considerations Pregnancy cat. B D if used to treat pregnancy-induced hypertension Legal status ℞ Prescription only Routes Oral capsules, tablets, oral solution Hydrochlorothiazide, sometimes abbreviated HCT, HCTZ, or HZT is a popular diuretic drug of the thiazide class that acts by inhibiting the kidneys' ability to retain water. This reduces the volume of the blood, decreasing blood return to the heart and thus cardiac output and, by other mechanisms, is believed to lower peripheral vascular resistance. Hydrochlorothiazide is sold both as a generic drug and under a large number of brand names, including: Apo-Hydro, Aquazide H, Dichlotride, Hydrodiuril, HydroSaluric, Microzide, Oretic. Contents 1 Activity 2 Indications 3 Side effects 4 External links 5 References Activity Hydrochlorothiazide belongs to the thiazide class of diuretics, acting on the kidneys to reduce sodium Na reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule. This increases the osmolarity in the lumen, causing less water to be reabsorbed by the collecting ducts. This leads to increased urinary output. Indications HCT is often used in the treatment of hypertension, congestive heart failure, symptomatic edema and the prevention of kidney stones. It is effective for nephrogenic diabetes insipidus paradoxical effect, which decreases urine formation and is also sometimes used for hypercalciuria and Dent's Disease. Hypokalemia, an occasional side-effect, can be usually prevented by potassium supplements or combining hydrochlorothiazide with a potassium-sparing diuretic. Thiazides are also used in the treatment of osteoporosis. Thiazides decrease mineral bone loss by promoting calcium retention in the kidney, and by directly stimulating osteoblast differentiation and bone mineral formation.2 Side effects Hypokalemia Hypomagnesemia Hyperuricemia and gout High blood sugar Hypercalcemia Headache Nausea/vomiting External links NIH medlineplus druginfo References ^ Beermann B, Groschinsky-Grind M, Rosén A. 1976. Absorption, metabolism, and excretion of hydrochlorothiazide. Clin Pharmacol Ther 19 5 Pt 1: 531-7. ^ Dvorak MM, De Joussineau C, Carter DH, et al 2007. Thiazide diuretics directly induce osteoblast differentiation and mineralized nodule formation by interacting with a sodium chloride co-transporter in bone. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 18 9: 2509-16. doi:10.1681/ASN.2007030348. PMID 17656470. v d e Membrane transport modulators Channel blocker Calcium Amlodipine Amrinone Anandamide Anipamil Azimilide Bencyclane Benidipine Bepridil Berbamine Bevantolol Canadine Carboxyamido-Triazole Cilnidipine Cinnarizine Clentiazem Conotoxins Darodipine Dauricine Devapamil Diltiazem Dimiapramine Dotarizine Efonidipine Emopamil Enpiperate Eperisone Falipamil Fantofarone Fasudil Felodipine Fenamic acid Fendiline Flunarizine Fosfedil Gabapentin Gallopamil Isradipine Lacidipine Lamotrigine Lercanidipine Lidoflazine Magnesium sulfate Manidipine Manoalide Mepirodipine Mibefradil Monatepil Naftopidil Nicardipine Nifedipine Niguldipine Niludipin Nilvadipine Nimodipine Nisoldipine Nitrendipine Norverapamil Ochratoxin A Octylonium Osthol Oxodipine Perhexiline Pinaverium Piperidine Pranidipine Prenylamine Risedronic acid Ryodipine Sesamodil Stepholidine Terodiline Tetrahydropalmatine Tetrandrine Tolfenamic acid Tranilast Verapamil Potassium 3,4-Diaminopyridine 4-Aminopyridine Dofetilide Linopirdine Maurotoxin Paxilline Tetraethylammonium Charybdotoxin Sodium Amiloride Encainide Pilsicainide Saxitoxin Tetrodotoxin Tocainide Symporter inhibitor Sodium chloride thiazide: Bendroflumethiazide Chlorothiazide Cyclopenthiazide Hydrochlorothiazide Hydroflumethiazide Methyclothiazide Polythiazide Trichlormethiazide other: Chlorthalidone Sodium potassium chloride Bumetanide Furosemide v d e Antihypertensives C02 and diuretics C03 Sympatholytic agents Centrally acting/antiadrenergics α2 agonist Clonidine, Guanfacine, Methyldopa imidazoline receptor agonist Moxonidine, Rilmenidine adrenergic uptake inhibitor Rescinnamine, Reserpine Ganglion-blocking/nicotinic antagonist Mecamylamine, Trimethaphan Peripherally acting/antiadrenergics α1 blockers: Prazosin Indoramin Trimazosin Doxazosin Urapidil Guanidine derivatives: Betanidine Guanethidine Guanoxan Debrisoquine Guanoclor Guanazodine Guanoxabenz Vasodilators Diazoxide hydrazinophthalazine Hydralazine, Dihydralazine, Endralazine, Cadralazine Minoxidil Nitroprusside Phentolamine Other antihypertensives serotonin antagonist Ketanserin endothelin receptor antagonist Bosentan, Ambrisentan, Sitaxsentan MAOI Pargyline THI Metirosine Diuretics Low ceiling Thiazides at DCT Bendroflumethiazide Hydroflumethiazide Hydrochlorothiazide Chlorothiazide Polythiazide Trichlormethiazide Cyclopenthiazide Methyclothiazide Cyclothiazide Mebutizide Sulfonamides Quinethazone Clopamide Chlortalidone Mefruside Clofenamide Metolazone Meticrane Xipamide Indapamide Clorexolone Fenquizone CA inhibitor at PT Acetazolamide Osmotic Mannitol Urea Other Mersalyl Theobromine Cicletanine High ceiling/ Loop diuretic at AL Bumetanide Furosemide Torasemide Etacrynic acid Potassium-sparing at CD ESC blockers Amiloride, Triamterene, Benzamil aldosterone antagonists Spironolactone, Eplerenone, Potassium canrenoate, Canrenone Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Hydrochlorothiazide Categories: Thiazides Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages Deutsch Hrvatski Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk bokmål Norsk nynorsk Polski Português This page was last modified on 1 August 2008, at 02:40
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