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14-September-2008 18:02:46 - Ileum This article or section includes a list of references or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. You can improve this article by introducing more precise citations where appropriate. Ileum Small intestine The cecal fossa. The ileum and cecum are drawn backward and upward. Gray's subject #248 1171 Artery ileal arteries Vein ileal veins Nerve celiac ganglia, vagus 1 Precursor midgut Not to be confused with ilium bone. In anatomy of the digestive system, the ileum is the final section of the small intestine. It is about 2-4 m long in humans, follows the duodenum and jejunum, and is separated from the cecum by the ileocecal valve ICV. The pH in the ileum is usually between 7 and 8 neutral or slightly alkaline. Contents 1 Function 2 Differences between jejunum and ileum 3 Embryology 4 Veterinary anatomy 5 Additional images 6 References 7 External links Function Its function is mainly to absorb vitamin B12 and bile salts and whatever products of digestion were not absorbed by the jejunum. The wall itself is made up of folds, each of which has many tiny finger-like projections known as villi on its surface. In turn, the epithelial cells which line these villi possess even larger numbers of microvilli. Therefore the ileum has an extremely large surface area both for the adsorption attachment of enzyme molecules and for the absorption of products of digestion. The DNES diffuse neuroendocrine system cells that line the ileum contain the protease and carbohydrase enzymes gastrin, secretin, cholecystokinin responsible for the final stages of protein and carbohydrate digestion. These enzymes are present in the cytoplasm of the epithelial cells. The villi contain large numbers of capillaries which take the amino acids and glucose produced by digestion to the hepatic portal vein and the liver. Lacteals are small lymph vessels, and are present in villi. They absorb fatty acid and glycerol, the products of fat digestion. Layers of circular and longitudinal smooth muscle enable the digested food to be pushed along the ileum by waves of muscle contractions called peristalsis. Differences between jejunum and ileum There is no line of demarcation between the jejunum and the ileum. There are, however, subtle differences between the two. The ileum has more fat inside the mesentery than the jejunum. The ileum is a paler color, and tends to be of a smaller caliber as well. While the length of the intestinal tract contains lymphoid tissue, only the ileum has abundant Peyer's patches. These unencapsulated lymphoid nodules contain large amounts of lymphocytes and other cells of the immune system. Embryology In the fetus the ileum is connected to the navel by the vitelline duct. In roughly 3% of humans, this duct fails to close during the first seven weeks after birth, causing a condition called Meckel's diverticulum. Veterinary anatomy In veterinary anatomy, the ileum is distinguished from the jejunum by being that portion of the jejunoileum that is connected to the caecum by the ileocaecal fold. Additional images Inferior ileocecal fossa. Arteries of cecum and vermiform process. Goblet cell in ileum General structure of the gut wall. References ^ Physiology at MCG 6/6ch2/s6ch2_30 External links SUNY Labs 37:11-0101 - Abdominal Cavity: The Jejunum and the Ileum SUNY Anatomy Image 7787 SUNY Anatomy Image 8755 Histology at BU 12001oca Ileal Villi at endoatlas.com Ileum Microscopic Cross Section at nhmccd.edu Ileum 20x at deltagen.com Peyer's Patches at thehealthnews.org v d e Anatomy of torso, digestive system: Gastrointestinal tract Upper GI To stomach Mouth Pharynx nasopharynx, oropharynx, hypopharynx Esophagus UES, LES Crop Stomach rugae - gastric pits - cardia/gland - fundus/gland - pylorus/gland - pyloric antrum - pyloric canal - greater curvature - lesser curvature - angular incisure Lower GI Intestine: small Duodenum Suspensory muscle, Major duodenal papilla, Minor duodenal papilla Duodenojejunal flexure Jejunum Ileum Ileocecal valve continuous intestinal villus, crypts of Lieberkühn, circular folds Intestine: large Vermiform appendix Cecum Colon ascending colon, hepatic flexure, transverse colon, splenic flexure, descending colon, sigmoid colon continuous taenia coli, haustra, epiploic appendix Termination Rectum: Houston valve rectal ampulla pectinate line Anal canal: anal valves anal sinuses anal columns Hilton's white line Anus: Sphincter ani internus muscle Sphincter ani externus muscle Lymph GALT: Peyer's patches M cells Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Ileum Categories: Digestive systemHidden category: Articles lacking in-text citations Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages Deutsch Þ‹Þ¨ÞˆÞ¬Þ€Þ¨Þ„Þ¦Þ?Þ° Español Esperanto Ù?ارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Ã?slenska Italiano Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本語 ‪Norsk bokmÃ¥l‬ Polski Português Simple English SlovenÄ?ina SlovenÅ¡Ä?ina Svenska ä¸æ–‡ This page was last modified on 20 August 2008, at 14:55
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