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14-September-2008 18:02:40 - Immunostimulator Immunostimulators are substances drugs and nutrients that stimulate the immune system by inducing activation or increasing activity of any of its components. One notable example include granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor, commercially available under Leukine name. Contents 1 Classification 1.1 Non-specific 2 Examples of Immunostimulator drugs 3 See also 3.1 General 3.2 Non-synthetic immunostimulators 4 References 5 External links Classification There are two main categories of immunostimulators: Specific immunostimulators are those which provide antigenic specificity in immune response, such as vaccines or any antigen. Non-specific immunostimulators are those which act irrespective of antigenic specificity to augment immune response of other antigen or stimulate components of the immune system without antigenic specificity, such as adjuvants and non-specific immunostimulators. Non-specific Many endogenous substances are non-specific immunostimulators. For example, female sex hormones are known to stimulate both adaptive1 and innate immune responses.2 Some autoimmune diseases such as lupus erythematosus strike women preferentially, and their onset often coincides with puberty. Other hormones appear to regulate the immune system as well, most notably prolactin, growth hormone and vitamin D.34 Examples of Immunostimulator drugs Leukine Levamisole See also General Antigen Co-stimulation Immunotherapy Immunogenicity Immunomodulator Macrokine, stimulator of macrophages Immunologic adjuvant Non-synthetic immunostimulators Aloe vera Sunshine References ^ Wira, CR; Crane-Godreau M, Grant K 2004. Endocrine regulation of the mucosal immune system in the female reproductive tract, in In: Ogra PL, Mestecky J, Lamm ME, Strober W, McGhee JR, Bienenstock J eds.: Mucosal Immunology. San Francisco: Elsevier. ISBN 0124915434. ^ Lang, TJ 2004. Estrogen as an immunomodulator. Clin Immunol 113: 224-230. doi:10.1016/j.clim.2004.05.011. PMID 15507385. Moriyama, A; Shimoya K, Ogata I et al. 1999. Secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor SLPI concentrations in cervical mucus of women with normal menstrual cycle. Molecular Human Reproduction 5: 656-661. doi:10.1093/molehr/5.7.656. PMID 10381821. Cutolo, M; Sulli A, Capellino S, Villaggio B, Montagna P, Seriolo B, Straub RH 2004. Sex hormones influence on the immune system: basic and clinical aspects in autoimmunity. Lupus 13: 635-638. doi:10.1191/0961203304lu1094oa. PMID 15485092. King, AE; Critchley HOD, Kelly RW 2000. Presence of secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor in human endometrium and first trimester decidua suggests an antibacterial role. Molecular Human Reproduction 6: 191-196. doi:10.1093/molehr/6.2.191. PMID 10655462. ^ Dorshkind, K; Horseman ND 2000. The Roles of Prolactin, Growth Hormone, Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I, and Thyroid Hormones in Lymphocyte Development and Function: Insights from Genetic Models of Hormones and Hormone Receptor Deficiency. Endocrine Reviews 21: 292-312. doi:10.1210/er.21.3.292. PMID 10857555. ^ Nagpal, Sunil; Songqing Naand and Radhakrishnan Rathnachalam 2005. Noncalcemic Actions of Vitamin D Receptor Ligands. Endocrine Reviews 26 5: 662-687. doi:10.1210/er.2004-0002. PMID 15798098. . External links Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology journal MeSH Immunostimulants v d e Major drug groups Gastrointestinal tract/metabolism A stomach acid Antacids, H2 antagonists, Proton pump inhibitors Antiemetics Laxatives Antidiarrhoeals/Antipropulsives Anti-obesity drugs Anti-diabetics Vitamins Dietary minerals Blood and blood forming organs B Antithrombotics Anticoagulants, Antiplatelets, Thrombolytics Antihemorrhagics Cardiovascular system C cardiac therapy/antianginals Cardiac glycosides, Antiarrhythmics, Cardiac stimulant Antihypertensives Diuretics Vasodilators Beta blockers renin-angiotensin system ACE inhibitors, Angiotensin II receptor antagonists, Renin inhibitors Antihyperlipidemics Skin D Emollients Cicatrizant Antipruritics Reproductive system G Hormonal contraception Fertility agents SERMs Sex hormones Endocrine system H Corticosteroids Sex hormones Thyroid hormones Antithyroid agent Infections and infestations J, P Antibiotics Antivirals Vaccines Antifungals Antiparasitic Antiprotozoals, Anthelmintics Malignant and immune disease L Anticancer agents Immunostimulators Immunosuppressants Muscles, bones, and joints M Anabolic steroids Anti-inflammatories NSAID Antirheumatics Corticosteroids Muscle relaxants Brain and nervous system N Anesthetics General, Local Analgesics Anticonvulsants Mood stabilizers Psycholeptic Anxiolytics, Antipsychotics, Hypnotics/Sedatives Psychoanaleptic Antidepressants, Stimulants/Psychostimulants Respiratory system R Bronchodilators Decongestants H1 antagonists Other ATC V Antidotes Contrast media Radiopharmaceuticals Dressing v d e Immunomodulators - immunostimulants L03 Colony stimulating factors G-CSF Filgrastim/Pegfilgrastim, Lenograstim - GM-CSF Molgramostim, Sargramostim - SCF Ancestim Interferons alpha: Interferon alpha natural - Interferon alpha-2a/Peginterferon alpha-2a - Interferon alpha-2b/Peginterferon alpha-2b - Interferon alpha-n1 - Interferon alphacon-1 beta: Interferon beta natural - Interferon beta-1a - Interferon beta-1b Interferon gamma Interleukins Aldesleukin - Oprelvekin Other cytokines and endogenous immunostimulants Female sex steroids - Pegademase - Poly ICLC - Immunocyanin - Tasonermin - Histamine dihydrochloride - prolactin - growth hormone - vitamin D Exogenous Lentinan - Roquinimex - BCG vaccine - Pidotimod - Poly I:C - Thymopentin - Melanoma vaccine - Glatiramer acetate - Tablets This pharmacology-related article is a stub. Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Immunostimulator Categories: Immunology | Immune system | Drugs | Pharmacology stubs Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages Türkçe Deutsch Español This page was last modified on 27 August 2008, at 17:3
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