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14-September-2008 18:02:46 - Iodine deficiency March 2008 Iodine deficiency Classification and external resources ICD-10 E00. - E02. DiseasesDB 6933 eMedicine med/1187 Iodine is an essential trace element; the thyroid hormones thyroxine and triiodotyronine contain iodine. In areas where there is little iodine in the diet-typically remote inland areas where no marine foods are eaten-iodine deficiency gives rise to goiter so-called endemic goitre, as well as cretinism, which results in developmental delays and other health problems. In some such areas, this is now combatted by the addition of small amounts of iodine to table salt in form of sodium iodide, potassium iodide, and/or potassium iodate-this product is known as iodized salt. Iodine compounds have also been added to other foodstuffs, such as flour, water and milk in areas of deficiency1. Seaweed is also a well known source of iodine2. Thus iodine deficiency is more common in mountainous regions of the world where food is grown in soil poor in iodine. Contents 1 Goitre 2 Cretinism 3 Local impact 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Goitre Main article: Goitre Low amounts of thyroxine T4, one of the two thyroid hormones in the blood, due to lack of dietary iodine to make them, gives rise to high levels of thyroid stimulating hormone TSH, which stimulates the thyroid gland to increase many biochemical processes; the cellular growth and proliferation can result in th characteristic swelling or hyperplasia of the thyroid gland, or goitre. The introduction of iodized salt since the early 1900s has eliminated this condition in many affluent countries; however, in Australia, New Zealand, and several European countries, iodine deficiency is a significant public health problem 3. It is more common in poorer nations. Public health initiatives to lower the risk of cardiovascular disease have resulted in lower discretionary salt use at the table, and with a trend towards consuming more processed foods. The non-iodized salt used in these foods also means that people are less likely to obtain iodine from adding salt during cooking. Goitre is said to be endemic when the prevalence in a population is 10%, and in most cases goitre can be treated with iodine supplementation. If goitre is untreated for around 5 years, however, iodine supplementation or thyroxine treatment may not reduce the size of the thyroid gland because the thyroid is permanently damaged. Cretinism Main article: Cretinism Iodine deficiency is one of the leading cause of preventable mental retardation, producing typical reductions in IQ of 10 to 15 IQ points. It has been speculated that deficiency of iodine and other micronutrients may be a possible factor in observed differences in IQ between ethnic groups: see race and intelligence for a further discussion of this controversial issue. Cretinism is a condition associated with iodine deficiency and goitre, commonly characterised by mental deficiency, deaf-mutism, squint, disorders of stance and gait, stunted growth and hypothyroidism. Paracelsus was the first to point out the relation between goitrous parents and mentally retarded children.citation needed As a result of restricted diet, isolation, intermarriage, etc., as well as low iodine content in their food, children often had peculiar stunted bodies and retarded mental faculties, a condition later known to be associated with thyroid deficiency. Diderot in his 1754 Encyclopédie described these patients as crétins. In French, the term crétin des Alpes also became current, since the condition was observed in remote valleys of the Alps in particular. The word cretin appeared in English in 1779. Local impact Certain areas of the world, due to natural deficiency and governmental inaction, are severely affected by iodine deficiency, which affects approximately two billion people worldwide. It is particularly common in Western Pacific, South-East Asia and Africa. India is the most outstanding, with 500 million suffering from deficiency, 54 million from goitre, and two million from cretinism.citation needed Among other nations affected by iodine deficiency, China and Kazakhstan have begun taking action, while Russia has not. Successful campaigns for the adoption of the use of iodized salt require education and regulation of salt producers and sellers and a communication campaign directed at the public, the salt trade, politicians and policy makers. The cost of adding iodine to salt is negligible. 4 Iodine deficiency has largely been confined to the developing world for several generations, but reductions in salt consumption and changes in dairy processing practices eliminating the use of iodine-based disinfectants have led to increasing prevalence of the condition in Australia and New Zealand in recent years. A proposal to mandate the use of iodized salt in most commercial breadmaking is expected to be adopted in 2009 5 6. See also Basil Hetzel Lugol's iodine References ^ François Delange, Basil Hetzel. The Iodine Deficiency Disorders. Thyroid Disease Manager. ^ Iodine in Seaweed ^ Andersson M, Takkouche B, Egli I, Allen HE, de Benoist B 2005. Current global iodine status and progress over the last decade towards the elimination of iodine deficiency. Bull. World Health Organ. 83 7: 518-25. PMID 16175826. ^ In Raising the World's I.Q., the Secret's in the Salt, article by Donald G. McNeil, Jr., December 16, 2006, New York Times ^ Iodine plan no help for mums-to-be, article appearing in April 23, 2008, from Herald-Sun ^ Nutritionist supports switch to iodised bread, article by Rebecca Gardiner, April 3, 2008, Howick and Pakuranga Times External links International Council for the Control of Iodine Deficiency Disorders Iodine: The Universal Nutrient Article IodineSource Orthoiodosupplementation Iodine and the Body Iodine - Special Topics Can Africa meet the goal of eliminating iodine-deficiency disorders by the year 2000? Network for Sustained Elimination of Iodine Deficiency Iodine Deficiancy Disorder - KEY POINTS TO REMEMBER Kotwal A, Priya R, Qadeer I 2007. Goiter and other iodine deficiency disorders: A systematic review of epidemiological studies to deconstruct the complex web. Arch. Med. Res. 38 1: 1-14. doi:10.1016/j.arcmed.2006.08.006. PMID 17174717. v d e Endocrine pathology: endocrine diseases E00-35, 240-259 Pancreas/ glucose metabolism Diabetes mellitus types: type 1, type 2, MODY, complications: coma, angiopathy, ketoacidosis, nephropathy, neuropathy, retinopathy Hypoglycemia - Hyperinsulinism - Zollinger-Ellison syndrome - insulin receptor Rabson-Mendenhall syndrome - Insulin resistance Hypothalamic/ pituitary axes Pituitary Hyperpituitarism Acromegaly, Hyperprolactinaemia, SIADH Hypopituitarism Sheehan's syndrome, Kallmann syndrome, Growth hormone deficiency, Diabetes insipidus Adiposogenital dystrophy - Empty sella syndrome - Pituitary apoplexy - ACTH deficiency Thyroid Hypothyroidism Iodine deficiency, Cretinism, Congenital hypothyroidism, Goitre, Myxedema Hyperthyroidism Graves disease, Toxic multinodular goitre, Teratoma with thyroid tissue or Struma ovarii Thyroiditis De Quervain's thyroiditis, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, Riedel's thyroiditis Euthyroid sick syndrome - Thyroid hormone resistance - Thyroid nodule Parathyroid Hypoparathyroidism Pseudohypoparathyroidism - Hyperparathyroidism Primary, Secondary, Tertiary Adrenal Adrenocortical hyperfunction: Cushing's syndrome Nelson's syndrome, Pseudo-Cushing's syndrome - Hyperaldosteronism Conn syndrome, Bartter syndrome CAH Lipoid, 3β, 11β, 17α, 21α Adrenal insufficiency Addison's disease, Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome - Hypoaldosteronism Gonads ovarian Polycystic ovary syndrome, Premature ovarian failure testicular 5-alpha-reductase deficiency, 17-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase deficiency general Hypogonadism, Delayed puberty, Precocious puberty Other Androgen insensitivity syndrome - Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome - Carcinoid syndrome - Gigantism - Short stature Laron syndrome, Psychogenic dwarfism - Multiple endocrine neoplasia 1, 2 - Progeria - Woodhouse-Sakati syndrome - thymus Abscess of thymus, Thymus hyperplasia see also congenital, neoplasia Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Iodine_deficiency Categories: Iodine | MalnutritionHidden categories: Articles needing additional references from March 2008 | All articles with statements | Articles with statements since March 2008 | Articles with statements since May 2008 Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages Español 日本語 РуÑ?Ñ?кий Svenska ä¸æ–‡ This page was last modified on 1 September 2008, at 20:39
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