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14-September-2008 18:02:36 - Medication This article has multiple issues. Please help improve the article or discuss these issues on the talk page. It needs additional references or sources for verification. Tagged since February 2007. It is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. Medicine or the Medicine Portal may be able to help recruit one. It may require general cleanup to meet 's quality standards. Tagged since November 2007. Medication, also referred to as medicine, can be loosely defined as any substance intended for use in the diagnosis, cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of disease.12 Other synonyms include pharmacotherapy, pharmacotherapeutics, and drug treatment. Contents 1 Classification 2 Types of medications type of pharmacotherapy 2.1 For the gastrointestinal tract or digestive system 2.2 For the cardiovascular system 2.3 For the central nervous system 2.4 For pain consciousness analgesic drugs 2.5 For musculo-skeletal disorders 2.6 For the eye 2.7 For the ear, nose and oropharynx 2.8 For the respiratory system 2.9 For endocrine problems 2.10 For the reproductive system or urinary system 2.11 For contraception 2.12 For obstetrics and gynecology 2.13 For the skin 2.14 For infections and infestations 2.15 For immunology 2.16 For allergic disorders 2.17 For nutrition 2.18 For neoplastic disorders 2.19 For diagnostics 2.20 For euthanasia 3 Legal considerations 4 Other/related topics 5 Blockbuster drug 5.1 Leading blockbuster drugs 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Classification Medication can be usually classified in various ways, e.g. by its chemical properties, mode of administration, or biological system affected. An elaborate and widely used classification system is the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System ATC system. Types of medicines: Antipyretics : reducing fever pyrexia Analgesics : painkillers Anti-malarial drugs : treating malaria Antibiotics : inhibiting germ growth Antiseptics : prevention of germ growth near burns, cuts and wounds Types of medications type of pharmacotherapy For the gastrointestinal tract or digestive system Upper digestive tract: antacids, reflux suppressants, antiflatulents, antidopaminergics, proton pump inhibitors, H2-receptor antagonists, cytoprotectants, prostaglandin analogues Lower digestive tract: laxatives, antispasmodics, antidiarrhoeals, bile acid sequestrants, opioids For the cardiovascular system General: beta-receptor blocker or beta blocker, calcium channel blockers, diuretics, cardiac glycosides, antiarrhythmics, nitrate, antianginals, vasoconstrictor, vasodilator, peripheral activator Affecting Blood pressure: ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, alpha blocker Coagulation: anticoagulant, heparin, antiplatelet drug, fibrinolytic, anti-hemophilic factor, haemostatic drugs Atherosclerosis/cholesterol agents: hypolipidaemic agents, statins. For the central nervous system See also: Psychiatric medication hypnotic, anaesthetics, antipsychotic, antidepressant including tricyclic antidepressants, monoamine oxidase inhibitor, lithium salt, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, anti-emetic, anticonvulsant and antiepileptic, anxiolytic, barbiturate, movement disorder drug, stimulant including amphetamines, benzodiazepine, cyclopyrrolone, dopamine antagonist, antihistamine, cholinergic, anticholinergic, emetic, cannabinoids, 5-HT antagonist For pain consciousness analgesic drugs Further information: Analgesic The main classes of painkillers are NSAIDs, opioids and various orphans such as paracetamol, tricyclic antidepressants and anticonvulsants. For musculo-skeletal disorders NSAIDs including COX-2 selective inhibitors, muscle relaxant, neuromuscular drug anticholinesterase For the eye General: adrenergic neurone blocker, astringent, ocular lubricant Diagnostic: topical anesthetics, sympathomimetics, parasympatholytics, mydriatics, cycloplegics Anti-bacterial: antibiotics, topical antibiotics, sulfa drugs, aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones Anti-viral: Anti-fungal: imidazoles, polyenes Anti-inflammatory: NSAIDs, corticosteroids Anti-allergy: mast cell inhibitors Anti-glaucoma: adrenergic agonists, beta-blockers, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors/hyperosmotics, cholinergics, miotics, parasympathomimetics, prostaglandin agonists/prostaglandin inhibitors. nitroglycerin For the ear, nose and oropharynx sympathomimetic, antihistamine, anticholinergic, NSAIDs, steroid, antiseptic, local anesthetic, antifungal, cerumenolyti For the respiratory system bronchodilator, NSAIDs, anti-allergic, antitussive, mucolytic, decongestant corticosteroid, beta-receptor antagonist, anticholinergic, steroid For endocrine problems androgen, antiandrogen, gonadotropin, corticosteroid, growth hormone, insulin, antidiabetic sulfonylurea, biguanide/metformin, thiazolidinedione, insulin, thyroid hormones, antithyroid drugs, calcitonin, diphosponate, vasopressin analogues For the reproductive system or urinary system antifungal, alkalising agent, quinolones, antibiotic, cholinergic, anticholinergic, anticholinesterase, antispasmodic, 5-alpha reductase inhibitor, selective alpha-1 blocker, sildenafil, fertility medication For contraception Hormonal contraception Ormeloxifene Spermicide For obstetrics and gynecology NSAIDs, anticholinergic, haemostatic drug, antifibrinolytic, Hormone Replacement Therapy, bone regulator, beta-receptor agonist, follicle stimulating hormone, luteinising hormone, LHRH gamolenic acid, gonadotropin release inhibitor, progestogen, dopamine agonist, oestrogen, prostaglandin, gonadorelin, clomiphene, tamoxifen, Diethylstilbestrol For the skin emollient, anti-pruritic, antifungal, disinfectant, scabicide, pediculicide, tar products, vitamin A derivatives, vitamin D analogue, keratolytic, abrasive, systemic antibiotic, topical antibiotic, hormones, desloughing agent, exudate absorbent, fibrinolytic, proteolytic, sunscreen, antiperspirant, corticosteroid For infections and infestations antibiotic, antifungal, antileprotic, antituberculous drug, antimalarial, anthelmintic, amoebicide, antiviral, antiprotozoal For immunology vaccine, immunoglobulin, immunosuppressant, interferon, monoclonal antibody For allergic disorders anti-allergic, antihistamine, NSAIDs For nutrition tonic, iron preparation, electrolyte, parenteral nutritional supplement, vitamins, anti-obesity drug, anabolic drug, haematopoietic drug, food product drug For neoplastic disorders cytotoxic drug, sex hormones, aromatase inhibitor, somatostatin inhibitor, recombinant interleukins, G-CSF, erythropoietin For diagnostics contrast media For euthanasia An euthanaticum is used for euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide, see also barbiturates. Euthanasia is not permitted by law in many countries, and consequently medicines will not be licenesed for this use in those countries. Legal considerations Medications may be divided into over-the-counter drugs OTC which may be available without special restrictions, and prescription only medicine POM, which must be prescribed by a licensed medical practitioner. The precise distinction between OTC and prescription depends on the legal jurisdiction. The International Narcotics Control Board of the United Nations imposes a world law of prohibition of certain medications. They publish a lengthy list of chemicals and plants whose trade and consumption where applicable is forbidden. OTC medications are sold without restriction as they are considered safe enough that most people will not hurt themselves accidentally by taking it as instructed. Many countries, such as the United Kingdom have a third category of pharmacy medicines which can only be sold in registered pharmacies, by or under the supervision of a pharmacist. Other/related topics Polypharmacy: suggests that multiple use of prescribed and non-prescribed medications, use of 5 or more, can have adverse effects on the recipient. Zoopharmacognosy: Animal usage of drugs and non-foods. Blockbuster drug A blockbuster drug is a drug generating more than $1 billion of revenue for its owner each year. The search for blockbusters has been the foundation of the RD strategy adopted by big pharmaceutical companies, but this looks set to change. New advances in genomics, and the promise of personalized medicine, are likely to fragment the pharmaceutical market. A recent report from Urch Publishing estimated that about one third of the pharma market by value is accounted for by blockbusters. About 100 products are blockbusters. The top seller was Lipitor, a cholesterol-lowering medication marketed by Pfizer with sales of $12.2 billion. Leading blockbuster drugs Medication Trade name Company Sales3 4 billion $, year atorvastatin Lipitor Pfizer 12 2007 clopidogrel Plavix Bristol-Myers Squibb and sanofi-aventis 5.9 2005 enoxaparin Lovenox or Clexane sanofi-aventis celecoxib Celebrex Pfizer 2.3 2007 omeprazole Losec/Prilosec AstraZeneca 2.6 2004 esomeprazole Nexium AstraZeneca 3.3 2003 Fexofenadine Telfast/Allegra Aventis 1.87 2004 quetiapine Seroquel AstraZeneca 1.5 2003 metoprolol Seloken/Toprol AstraZeneca 1.3 2003 budesonide Pulmicort/Rhinocort AstraZeneca 1.3 2003 plus some fraction of the $0.6bn sales of Symbicort See also List of drugs Bioburden Child-resistant packaging Compliance Herbalism Medical prescription Medicinal chemistry Medicine Nocebo Patient safety Pharmaceutical company Pharmacology Placebo Prescription drug Use of biotechnology in pharmaceutical manufacturing Vaccine References ^ US Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, SEC. 210., g1B. Accessed 17 August 2008. ^ Directive 2004/27/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 31 March 2004 amending Directive 2001/83/EC on the Community code relating to medicinal products for human use. Article 1. Published March 31, 2004. Accessed 17 August 2008. ^ Pharmaceutical Market Trends, 2006-2010, from Urch Publishing 1 ^ Blockbuster Drugs 2006: Executive Overview, from Report Buyer2 External links The external links in this article may not follow 's content policies or guidelines. Please improve this article by removing excessive or inappropriate external links. DrugBank advanced and free drug database WHO Model List of Essential Medicines Database of registered pharmaceuticals in Hong Kong Consumer drug information from the FDA Medicine at the Open Directory Project IPHA Medicines Compendium www.medicines.org.uk Up-to-date medicines information from the pharmaceutical industry and other sources The Pharma Guide of Pakistan v d e Major drug groups Gastrointestinal tract/metabolism A stomach acid Antacids, H2 antagonists, Proton pump inhibitors Antiemetics Laxatives Antidiarrhoeals/Antipropulsives Anti-obesity drugs Anti-diabetics Vitamins Dietary minerals Blood and blood forming organs B Antithrombotics Anticoagulants, Antiplatelets, Thrombolytics Antihemorrhagics Cardiovascular system C cardiac therapy/antianginals Cardiac glycosides, Antiarrhythmics, Cardiac stimulant Antihypertensives Diuretics Vasodilators Beta blockers renin-angiotensin system ACE inhibitors, Angiotensin II receptor antagonists, Renin inhibitors Antihyperlipidemics Skin D Emollients Cicatrizant Antipruritics Reproductive system G Hormonal contraception Fertility agents SERMs Sex hormones Endocrine system H Corticosteroids Sex hormones Thyroid hormones Antithyroid agent Infections and infestations J, P Antibiotics Antivirals Vaccines Antifungals Antiparasitic Antiprotozoals, Anthelmintics Malignant and immune disease L Anticancer agents Immunostimulators Immunosuppressants Muscles, bones, and joints M Anabolic steroids Anti-inflammatories NSAID Antirheumatics Corticosteroids Muscle relaxants Brain and nervous system N Anesthetics General, Local Analgesics Anticonvulsants Mood stabilizers Psycholeptic Anxiolytics, Antipsychotics, Hypnotics/Sedatives Psychoanaleptic Antidepressants, Stimulants/Psychostimulants Respiratory system R Bronchodilators Decongestants H1 antagonists Other ATC V Antidotes Contrast media Radiopharmaceuticals Dressing Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Medication Categories: Pharmacology | Food and Drug AdministrationHidden categories: Articles lacking reliable references from February 2007 | Medicine articles needing expert attention | Cleanup from November 2007 | All pages needing cleanup | external links cleanup Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages Türkçe Afrikaans Alemannisch العربية Asturianu Bosanski Català Česky Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara Ù?ارسی Français Frysk í•œêµì–´ Hrvatski Ido Interlingua Italiano עברית Lietuvių Magyar Malagasy Nederlands 日本語 ‪Norsk bokmÃ¥l‬ Polski Português Runa Simi РуÑ?Ñ?кий Sicilianu Simple English SlovenÅ¡Ä?ina СрпÑ?ки / Srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe ייִדיש ä¸æ–‡ This page was last modified on 13 September 2008, at 21:26
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