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14-September-2008 18:02:47 - Melanocyte-stimulating hormone proopiomelanocortin adrenocorticotropin/ beta-lipotropin/ alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone/ beta-melanocyte stimulating hormone/ beta-endorphin Identifiers Symbol POMC Entrez 5443 HUGO 9201 OMIM 176830 RefSeq NM_000939 UniProt P01189 Other data Locus Chr. 2 p23 The melanocyte-stimulating hormones collectively referred to as MSH are a class of peptide hormones produced by cells in the intermediate lobe of the pituitary gland. Contents 1 Function 1.1 In amphibians 1.2 In humans 2 Structure of MSH 3 Synthetic MSH 4 References 5 Further reading 6 External links Function They stimulate the production and release of melanin melanogenesis by melanocytes in skin and hair. MSH is produced by a subpopulation of neurons in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus. MSH released into the brain by these neurons has effects on appetite and sexual arousal. In amphibians In some animals such as the claw-toed frog Xenopus laevis production of MSH is increased when the animal is in a dark location. This causes pigment to be dispersed in pigment cells in the toad's skin, making it become darker, and harder for predators to spot. The pigment cells are called melanophores and therefore, in amphibians, the hormone is often called melanophore-stimulating hormone. In humans An increase in MSH will cause a darkening in humans too. Melanocyte-stimulating hormone increases in humans during pregnancy. This, along with increased estrogens, causes increased pigmentation in pregnant women. In Addison's disease high levels of adrenocorticotropic hormone ACTH production also leads to high MSH levels, which cause an abnormal darkening. Different levels of MSH are not the major cause of racial variation in skin colour. In many red headed people, and other people who do not tan well, there are variations in their hormone receptors, causing them to not respond to MSH in the blood. See: Melanocortin receptor. Structure of MSH Melanocyte-stimulating hormone belongs to a group called the melanocortins. This group includes ACTH, alpha-MSH, beta-MSH and gamma-MSH; these peptides are all cleavage products of a large precursor peptide called pro-opiomelanocortin POMC. Alpha-MSH is the most important melanocortin for pigmentation. The different melanocyte-stimulating hormones have the following amino acid sequences: alpha-MSH: Ac-Ser-Tyr-Ser-Met-Glu-His-Phe-Arg-Trp-Gly-Lys-Pro-Val beta-MSH human: Ala-Glu-Lys-Lys-Asp-Glu-Gly-Pro-Tyr-Arg-Met-Glu-His-Phe-Arg-Trp-Gly-Ser-Pro-Pro-Lys-Asp beta-MSH porcine: Asp-Glu-Gly-Pro-Tyr-Lys-Met-Glu-His-Phe-Arg-Trp-Gly-Ser-Pro-Pro-Lys-Asp gamma-MSH: Tyr-Val-Met-Gly-His-Phe-Arg-Trp-Asp-Arg-Phe-Gly Synthetic MSH Two synthetic analogs of alpha-MSH have been developed for human use. The first called Melanotan afamelanotide, formerly CUV1647, by Clinuvel Pharmaceuticals in Australia and the second called Bremelanotide by Palatin Technologies, a New Jersey company. Alpha-MSH topical cream is being investigated as a possible therapeutic aid in the treatment of melanoma.citation needed Melanotan one afamelanotide, formerly CUV1647 is being investigated as a method of photoprotection in patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria, polymorphous light eruption, actinic keratosis and squamous cell carcinoma a form of skin cancer.1 An additional analog called Melanotan II causes enhanced libido and erections in most male test subject and arousal with corresponding genital involvement in most female test subjects.citation needed Bremelanotide formerly PT-141 which is based upon Melanotan II was previously under development by the New Jersey company for its aphrodisiac effects. These effects are mediated by actions in the hypothalamus on neurons that express MC3 MC3R and MC4 MC4R receptors. References ^ Clinuvel FAQs Further reading Millington GW May 2006. Proopiomelanocortin POMC: the cutaneous roles of its melanocortin products and receptors. Clin. Exp. Dermatol. 31 3: 407-12. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2230.2006.02128.x. PMID 16681590. Millington GW 2007. The role of proopiomelanocortin POMC neurones in feeding behaviour. Nutr Metab Lond 4: 18. doi:10.1186/1743-7075-4-18. PMID 17764572. External links MeSH Melanocyte-Stimulating+Hormones Clinuvel Pharmaceuticals Palatin Technologies v d e Endocrine system: hormones/endocrine glands Peptide hormones, Steroid hormones Hypothalamic-pituitary Hypothalamus: TRH, CRH , GnRH, GHRH, somatostatin, dopamine - Posterior pituitary: vasopressin, oxytocin - Anterior pituitary: α FSH, LH, TSH, GH, prolactin, POMC ACTH, MSH, endorphins, lipotropin Adrenal axis Adrenal medulla: epinephrine, norepinephrine - Adrenal cortex: aldosterone, cortisol, DHEA Thyroid axis Thyroid: thyroid hormone T3 and T4 - calcitonin - Parathyroid: PTH Gonadal axis Testis: testosterone, AMH, inhibin - Ovary: estradiol, progesterone, inhibin/activin, relaxin pregnancy Other end. glands Pancreas: glucagon, insulin, somatostatin - Pineal gland: melatonin Non-end. glands Placenta: hCG, HPL, estrogen, progesterone - Kidney: renin, EPO, calcitriol, prostaglandin - Heart atrium: ANP - Stomach: gastrin, ghrelin - Duodenum: CCK, GIP, secretin, motilin, VIP - Ileum: enteroglucagon - Adipose tissue: leptin, adiponectin, resistin - Thymus: Thymosin - Thymopoietin - Thymulin - Skeleton: Osteocalcin - Liver/other: Insulin-like growth factor IGF-1, IGF-2 Target-derived NGF, BDNF, NT-3 v d e Peptides: neuropeptides Hypothalamic Somatostatin - CRH - GnRH - GHRH - Orexins - TRH - POMC ACTH, MSH, Lipotropin Gastrointestinal hormones Cholecystokinin - Gastric inhibitory polypeptide - Gastrin - Motilin - Secretin - Vasoactive intestinal peptide Other hormones Vasopressin - Calcitonin - Other Angiotensin - Bombesin/Neuromedin B - Calcitonin gene-related peptide - Carnosine - Delta sleep-inducing peptide - FMRFamide - Galanin - Gastrin releasing peptide - Kinins Bradykinin, Tachykinins - Neuromedin B, N, U - Neuropeptide Y - Neurophysins - Neurotensin - Opioid peptide - Pancreatic polypeptide - Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating peptide Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Melanocyte-stimulating_hormone Categories: Genes on chromosome 2 | Peptide hormones | Anterior pituitary hormonesHidden categories: Protein pages needing a picture | All articles with statements | Articles with statements since March 2008 | Articles with statements since February 2007 Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages Deutsch Þ‹Þ¨ÞˆÞ¬Þ€Þ¨Þ„Þ¦Þ?Þ° Español Français עברית МакедонÑ?ки Nederlands Polski SlovenÄ?ina This page was last modified on 6 August 2008, at 07:58
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