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14-September-2008 18:02:37 - steroidal anti-inflammatory drug Redirected from NSAIDS Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, usually abbreviated to NSAIDs or NAIDs , are drugs with analgesic, antipyretic and, in higher doses, anti-inflammatory effects - they reduce pain, fever and inflammation. The term non-steroidal is used to distinguish these drugs from steroids, which among a broad range of other effects have a similar eicosanoid-depressing, anti-inflammatory action. As analgesics, NSAIDs are unusual in that they are non-narcotic. NSAIDs are sometimes also referred to as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents/analgesics NSAIAs or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medicines NSAIMs. The most prominent members of this group of drugs are aspirin, ibuprofen, and naproxen partly because they are available over-the-counter in many areas. Paracetamol acetaminophen is classified as having antipyretic and analgesic properties, and is not an NSAID. Beginning in 1829, with the isolation of salicin from the folk remedy white willow bark, NSAIDs have become an important part of the pharmaceutical treatment of pain at low doses and inflammation at higher doses. Part of the popularity of NSAIDs is that, unlike opioids, they do not produce sedation or respiratory depression and have a very low addiction rate. NSAIDs, however, are not without their own problems see below. Certain NSAIDs, including ibuprofen and aspirin, have become accepted as relatively safe and are available over-the-counter without prescription. Contents 1 Mode of action 2 Examples 2.1 Salicylates 2.2 Arylalkanoic acids 2.3 2-Arylpropionic acids profens 2.4 N-Arylanthranilic acids fenamic acids 2.5 Pyrazolidine derivatives 2.6 Oxicams 2.7 COX-2 inhibitors 2.8 Sulphonanilides 2.9 Others 3 Uses 4 Pharmacokinetics 5 Adverse effects 5.1 Combinational risk 5.2 Cardiovascular risk 5.3 Gastrointestinal ADRs 5.4 Inflammatory Bowel Disease IBD 5.5 Renal ADRs 5.6 Photosensitivity 5.7 During pregnancy 5.8 Other ADRs 6 Chirality 7 Newer NSAIDs: selective COX inhibitors 7.1 COX-2 inhibitors 7.1.1 Controversies with COX-2 inhibitors 7.2 COX-3 inhibitors 8 Veterinary Use 8.1 NSAID Analgesia 9 References 10 External links Mode of action Most NSAIDs act as non-selective inhibitors of the enzyme cyclooxygenase, inhibiting both the cyclooxygenase-1 COX-1 and cyclooxygenase-2 COX-2 isoenzymes. Cyclooxygenase catalyzes the formation of prostaglandins and thromboxane from arachidonic acid itself derived from the cellular phospholipid bilayer by phospholipase A2. Prostaglandins act among other things as messenger molecules in the process of inflammation. This mechanism of action was elucidated by John Vane, who later received a Nobel Prize for his work see Mechanism of action of aspirin. A newly discovered COX-3 may also have some role. Examples NSAIDs can be broadly classified based on their chemical structure. NSAIDs within a group will tend to have similar characteristics and tolerability. There is little difference in clinical efficacy among the NSAIDs when used at equivalent doses. Rather, differences among compounds tended to be with regards to dosing regimens related to the compound's elimination half-life, route of administration, and tolerability profile. Some more common examples are given below. Paracetamol acetaminophen is sometimes grouped with the NSAIDs; however, it is not an NSAID and does not have any significant anti-inflammatory properties. Though the mechanism of action is unclear, it is suspected that the lack of anti-inflammatory action may be due to inhibition of cyclooxygenase predominantly in the central nervous system.citation needed There is also some speculation that paracetamol acts through the inhibition of the recently discovered COX-3 isoform see below. It is believed as well that NSAIDs act centrally, possibly within the spinal cord.citation needed However, the mechanism of action in this case is not well-characterized. Salicylates Acetylsalicylic acid Aspirin Amoxiprin Benorylate/Benorilate Choline magnesium salicylate Diflunisal Ethenzamide Faislamine Methyl salicylate Magnesium salicylate Salicyl salicylate Salicylamide Arylalkanoic acids Diclofenac Aceclofenac Acemethacin Alclofenac Bromfenac Etodolac Indometacin Nabumetone Oxametacin Proglumetacin Sulindac Tolmetin 2-Arylpropionic acids profens Ibuprofen Alminoprofen Benoxaprofen withdrawn from the market Carprofen Dexibuprofen Dexketoprofen Fenbufen Fenoprofen Flunoxaprofen Flurbiprofen Ibuproxam Indoprofen Ketoprofen Actron, at least, has been withdrawn from the market. Ketorolac Loxoprofen Naproxen Oxaprozin Pirprofen Suprofen Tiaprofenic acid N-Arylanthranilic acids fenamic acids Mefenamic acid Flufenamic acid Meclofenamic acid Tolfenamic acid Pyrazolidine derivatives Phenylbutazone Ampyrone Azapropazone Clofezone Kebuzone Metamizole Mofebutazone Oxyphenbutazone Phenazone Sulfinpyrazone Oxicams Piroxicam Droxicam Lornoxicam Meloxicam Tenoxicam COX-2 inhibitors Celecoxib FDA alert 1 Etoricoxib FDA withdrawn Lumiracoxib TGA cancelled registration Parecoxib FDA withdrawn Rofecoxib withdrawn from market 2 Valdecoxib withdrawn from market 3 Sulphonanilides Nimesulide banned by several countries for the potential risk of hepatotoxicity Others Licofelone Omega-3 fatty acids Licofelone acts by inhibiting LOX lipooxygenase COX cyclooxygenaseand hence known as 5-LOX/COX inhibitor. Uses NSAIDs are usually indicated for the treatment of acute or chronic conditions where pain and inflammation are present. Research continues into their potential for prevention of colorectal cancer, and treatment of other conditions, such as cancer and cardiovascular disease. NSAIDs are generally indicated for the symptomatic relief of the following conditions: Rossi, 20064 Rheumatoid arthritis Osteoarthritis Inflammatory arthropathies e.g. ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic arthritis, Reiter's syndrome Acute gout Dysmenorrhoea menstrual pain Metastatic bone pain Headache and migraine Postoperative pain Mild-to-moderate pain due to inflammation and tissue injury Pyrexia fever Ileus Renal colic They are also given to neonate infants whose ductus arteriosus is not closed within 24 hours of birth Aspirin, the only NSAID able to irreversibly inhibit COX-1, is also indicated for inhibition of platelet aggregation.; an indication useful in the management of arterial thrombosis and prevention of adverse cardiovascular events.It shows inhibition of platelet aggregation because it inhibits the action of thromboxane -A. In 2001 NSAIDs accounted for 70,000,000 prescriptions and 30 billion over-the-counter doses sold annually in the United States Green, 2001. With the aging of the Baby Boomer generation and the associated rise in the incidence of osteoarthritis and other such conditions for which NSAIDs are indicated, the use of NSAIDs may increase further still. One study has suggested that taking NSAIDs or COX inhibitors in general while smoking marijuana may prevent the death of brain cells resulting from THC intoxication.5 However, neurotoxicity of marijuana is still a matter of dispute. Pharmacokinetics Most NSAIDs are weak acids, with a pKa of 3-5. They are absorbed well from the stomach and intestinal mucosa. They are highly protein-bound in plasma typically 95%, usually to albumin, so that their volume of distribution typically approximates to plasma volume. Most NSAIDs are metabolised in the liver by oxidation and conjugation to inactive metabolites which are typically excreted in the urine, although some drugs are partially excreted in bile. Metabolism may be abnormal in certain disease states, and accumulation may occur even with normal dosage. Ibuprofen and diclofenac have short half-lives 2-3 hours. Some NSAIDs typically oxicams have very long half-lives e.g. 20-60 hours. Adverse effects The widespread use of NSAIDs has meant that the adverse effects of these relatively safe drugs have become increasingly prevalent. The two main adverse drug reactions ADRs associated with NSAIDs relate to gastrointestinal GI effects and renal effects of the agents. These effects are dose-dependent, and in many cases severe enough to pose the risk of ulcer perforation, upper gastrointestinal bleeding, and death, limiting the use of NSAID therapy. An estimated 10-20% of NSAID patients experience dyspepsia, and NSAID-associated upper gastrointestinal adverse events are estimated to result in 103,000 hospitalizations and 16,500 deaths per year in the United States, and represent 43% of drug-related emergency visits. Many of these events are avoidable; a review of physician visits and prescriptions estimated that unnecessary prescriptions for NSAIDs were written in 42% of visits. Green, 2001 Combinational risk If a COX-2 inhibitor is taken, one should not use a traditional NSAID prescription or over-the-counter concomitantly.1 In addition, patients on daily aspirin therapy as for reducing cardiovascular risk or colon cancer risk need to be careful if they also use other NSAIDs, as the latter may block the cardioprotective effects of aspirin. Cardiovascular risk A recent meta-analysis of all trials comparing NSAIDs found an 80% increase in the risk of myocardial infarction with both newer COX-2 antagonists and high dose traditional anti-inflammatories compared with placebo. Kearney et al., BMJ 2006;332:1302-1308 NSAIDs aside from aspirin are associated with a doubled risk of symptomatic heart failure in patients without a history of cardiac disease. In patients with such a history, however, use of NSAIDs aside from low-dose aspirin was associated with more than 10-fold increase in heart failure. 2 If this link is found to be causal, NSAIDs are estimated to be responsible for up to 20 percent of hospital admissions for congestive heart failure. 3 Gastrointestinal ADRs The main ADRs adverse drug reactions associated with use of NSAIDs relate to direct and indirect irritation of the gastrointestinal tract GIT. NSAIDs cause a dual insult on the GIT - the acidic molecules directly irritate the gastric mucosa; and inhibition of COX-1 reduces the levels of protective prostaglandins. Common gastrointestinal ADRs include: Rossi, 20064 Nausea/Vomiting Dyspepsia Gastric ulceration/bleeding Diarrhea Risk of ulceration increases with duration of therapy, and with higher doses. In attempting to minimise GI ADRs, it is prudent to use the lowest effective dose for the shortest period of time, a practice which studies show is not often followed. There are also some differences in the propensity of individual agents to cause gastrointestinal ADRs. Indomethacin, ketoprofen and piroxicam appear to have the highest prevalence of gastric ADRs, while ibuprofen lower doses and diclofenac appear to have lower rates. Rossi, 20064 Certain NSAIDs, such as aspirin, have been marketed in enteric-coated formulations which are claimed to reduce the incidence of gastrointestinal ADRs. Similarly, there is a belief that rectal formulations may reduce gastrointestinal ADRs. However, in consideration of the mechanism of such ADRs and indeed in clinical practice, these formulations have not been shown to have a reduced risk of GI ulceration. Rossi, 20064 Commonly, gastrointestinal adverse effects can be reduced through suppressing acid production, by concomitant use of a proton pump inhibitor, e.g. omeprazole; or the prostaglandin analogue misoprostol. Misoprostol is itself associated with a high incidence of gastrointestinal ADRs diarrhoea. While these techniques may be effective, they prove to be expensive for maintenance therapy. Inflammatory Bowel Disease IBD NSAIDs are never to be used in individuals with Inflammatory Bowel Disease e.g., Crohn's Disease or Ulcerative Colitis due to its tendency to cause gastric bleeding and form ulceration in the gastric lining. Drugs such as Advil should be avoided in persons afflicted with IBD. Pain relievers such as Tylenol containing acetaminophen or drugs containing codeine which slows down bowel activity are safer medications than ibuprofen for pain relief in IBD. Renal ADRs NSAIDs are also associated with a relatively high incidence of renal ADRs. The mechanism of these renal ADRs is due to changes in renal haemodynamics blood flow, ordinarily mediated by prostaglandins, which are affected by NSAIDs. Prostaglandins normally cause vasodilation of the afferent arterioles of the glomeruli. This helps maintain normal glomerular perfusion and glomerular filtration rate GFR, an indicator of renal function. By blocking this prostaglandin-mediated effect, NSAIDs ultimately may cause renal impairment. Horses are particularly prone to these adverse affects compared to other domestic animal species. Common ADRs associated with altered renal function include: Rossi, 20064 Salt and fluid retention Hypertension High blood pressure These agents may also cause renal impairment, especially in combination with other nephrotoxic agents. Renal failure is especially a risk if the patient is also concomitantly taking an ACE inhibitor and a diuretic - the so-called triple whammy effect. Thomas, 2000 In rarer instances NSAIDs may also cause more severe renal conditions: Rossi, 20064 Interstitial nephritis Nephrotic syndrome Acute renal failure Acute tubular necrosis Photosensitivity Photosensitivity is a commonly overlooked adverse effect of many of the NSAIDs. Moore, 2002 It is somewhat ironic that these anti-inflammatory agents may themselves produce inflammation in combination with exposure to sunlight. The 2-arylpropionic acids have proven to be the most likely to produce photosensitivity reactions, but other NSAIDs have also been implicated including piroxicam, diclofenac and benzydamine. Benoxaprofen, since withdrawn due to its hepatotoxicity, was the most photoactive NSAID observed. The mechanism of photosensitivity, responsible for the high photoactivity of the 2-arylpropionic acids, is the ready decarboxylation of the carboxylic acid moiety. The specific absorbance characteristics of the different chromophoric 2-aryl substituents, affects the decarboxylation mechanism. While ibuprofen is somewhat of an exception, having weak absorption, it has been reported to be a weak photosensitising agent. During pregnancy NSAIDs are not recommended during pregnancy, particularly during the third trimester. While NSAIDs as a class are not direct teratogens, they may cause premature closure of the fetal ductus arteriosus and renal ADRs in the fetus. Additionally, they are linked with premature birth Ostensen Skomsvoll, 2004. Aspirin, however, is used together with heparin in pregnant women with antiphospholipid antibodies Cervera Balasch, 2004. In contrast, paracetamol acetaminophen is regarded as being safe and well-tolerated during pregnancy Graham et al., 2005. Doses should be taken as prescribed, due to risk of hepatotoxicity with overdoses Wilkes et al., 2005. Other ADRs Common ADRs, other than listed above, include: raised liver enzymes, headache, dizziness Rossi, 2006. Uncommon ADRs include: hyperkalaemia, confusion, bronchospasm, rash Rossi, 2006. Ibuprofen may also rarely cause irritable bowel syndrome symptoms. Most NSAIDs penetrate poorly into the central nervous system CNS. However, the COX enzymes are expressed constitutively in some areas of the CNS, meaning that even limited penetration may cause adverse effects such as somnolence and dizziness. Chirality Most NSAIDs are chiral molecules diclofenac is a notable exception. However, the majority are prepared in a racemic mixture. Typically, only a single enantiomer is pharmacologically active. For some drugs typically profens, an isomerase enzyme exists in vivo which converts the inactive enantiomer into the active form, although its activity varies widely in individuals. This phenomenon is likely to be responsible for the poor correlation between NSAID efficacy and plasma concentration observed in older studies, when specific analysis of the active enantiomer was not performed. Ibuprofen and ketoprofen are now available in single, active enantiomer preparations dexibuprofen and dexketoprofen, which purport to offer quicker onset and an improved side-effect profile. Naproxen has always been marketed as the single active enantiomer. Newer NSAIDs: selective COX inhibitors COX-2 inhibitors The discovery of COX-2 in 1991 by Daniel L. Simmons at Brigham Young University raised the hope of developing an effective NSAID without the gastric problems characteristic of these agents. It was thought that selective inhibition of COX-2 would result in anti-inflammatory action without disrupting gastroprotective prostaglandins. COX-1 is a constitutively expressed enzyme with a house-keeping role in regulating many normal physiological processes. One of these is in the stomach lining, where prostaglandins serve a protective role, preventing the stomach mucosa from being eroded by its own acid. When non-selective COX-1/COX-2 inhibitors such as aspirin, ibuprofen, and naproxen lower stomach prostaglandin levels, these protective effects are lost and ulcers of the stomach or duodenum and potentially internal bleeding can result. COX-2 is an enzyme facultatively expressed in inflammation, and it is inhibition of COX-2 that produces the desirable effects of NSAIDs. The relatively selective COX-2 inhibiting oxicam, meloxicam, was the first step towards developing a true COX-2 selective inhibitor. Coxibs, the newest class of NSAIDs, can be considered as true COX-2 selective inhibitors, and include celecoxib, rofecoxib, valdecoxib, parecoxib and etoricoxib. Controversies with COX-2 inhibitors While it was hoped that this COX-2 selectivity would reduce gastrointestinal adverse drug reactions ADRs, there is little conclusive evidence that this is true. The original study touted by Searle now part of Pfizer, showing a reduced rate of ADRs for celecoxib, was later revealed to be based on preliminary data - the final data showed no significant difference in ADRs when compared with diclofenac. Rofecoxib however, which has since been withdrawn, had been shown to produce significantly fewer gastrointestinal ADRs compared to naproxen. Bombardier et al, 2000. This study, the VIGOR trial, raised the issue of the cardiovascular safety of the coxibs - a statistically insignificant increase in the incidence of myocardial infarctions was observed in patients on rofecoxib. Further data, from the APPROVe trial, showed a relative risk of cardiovascular events of 1.97 versus placebo - a result which resulted in the worldwide withdrawal of rofecoxib in October 2004. COX-3 inhibitors Simmons also co-discovered COX-3 in 2002 and analyzed this new isozyme's relation to paracetamol acetaminophen, arguably the most widely used analgesic drug in the world. Chandrasekharan et al, 2002. The authors postulated that inhibition of COX-3 could represent a primary central mechanism by which these drugs decrease pain and possibly fever. The relevance of this research has been called into question as the putative COX-3 gene encodes proteins with completely different amino acid sequences than COX-1 or COX-2. The expressed proteins do not show COX activity and it is unlikely that they play a role in prostaglandin mediated physiological responses. Kis, 2005 The clinical ramifications and knowledge of COX isozymes are rapidly expandingweasel words and may offer significant hope for future treatments of pain, inflammation, and fever.original research? Veterinary Use NSAID Analgesia Research supports the use of NSAIDs for the control of pain associated with veterinary procedures such as dehorning and castration of calves. The best effect is obtained by combining a short-term local anesthetic such as lidocaine with an NSAID acting as a longer term analgesic. However, most of the existing research data relates to ketoprofen while the only NSAID currently available for labelled use in the United States is flunixin meglamine, indicated for conditions other than post-operative pain. References ^ FDA Alert for Practitioners on Celebrex celecoxib ^ http://www.fda.gov/cder/drug/infopage/vioxx/PHA_vioxx.htm ^ Alert for Healthcare Professionals: Valdecoxib marketed as Bextra ^ a b c d e f Rossi S, or. Australian Medicines Handbook 2006. Adelaide: Australian Medicines Handbook; 2006. ISBN 0-9757919-2-3 ^ Hippocampal Neurotoxicity of Delta 9-Tetrahydrocannabinol - Chan et al. 18 14: 5322 - Journal of Neuroscience Bombardier C, Laine L, Reicin A, Shapiro D, Burgos-Vargas R, Davis B, et al. Comparison of upper gastrointestinal toxicity of rofecoxib and naproxen in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. N Engl J Med 2000;34321:1520-8. PMID 11087881 Cervera R, Balasch J. The management of pregnant patients with antiphospholipid syndrome. Lupus 2004;139:683-7. PMID 15485103 Chandrasekharan NV, Dai H, Roos KL, Evanson NK, Tomsik J, Elton TS, Simmons DL. COX-3, a cyclooxygenase-1 variant inhibited by acetaminophen and other analgesic/antipyretic drugs: cloning, structure, and expression. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002;99:13926-31. PMID 12242329 Graham GG, Scott KF, Day RO. Tolerability of paracetamol. Drug Saf 2005;283:227-40. PMID 15733027 Green GA. Understanding NSAIDS: from aspirin to COX-2. Clin Cornerstone 2001;35:50-59. PMID 11464731 Moore DE. Drug-induced cutaneous photosensitivity. Drug Safety 2002;25:345-72. PMID 12020173 Ostensen ME, Skomsvoll JF. Anti-inflammatory pharmacotherapy during pregnancy. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2004;53:571-80. PMID 15013926 Rossi S, or. Australian Medicines Handbook 2006. Adelaide: Australian Medicines Handbook; 2006. ISBN 0-9757919-2-3 Thomas MC. Diuretics, ACE inhibitors and NSAIDs - the triple whammy. Med J Aust 2000;172:184-185. PMID 10772593 Wilkes JM, Clark LE, Herrera JL. Acetaminophen overdose in pregnancy. South Med J 2005;9811:1118-22. PMID 16351032 Kis B, Snipes, JA, Busija DW. Acetaminophen and the Cyclooxygenase-3 Puzzle: Sorting out Facts, Fictions, and Uncertainties. JPET 2005;315:1-7. PMID 15879007 External links US National Library of Medicine: MedlinePlus® Drug Information: Anti-inflammatory Drugs, Nonsteroidal Systemic v d e Major drug groups Gastrointestinal tract/metabolism A stomach acid Antacids, H2 antagonists, Proton pump inhibitors Antiemetics Laxatives Antidiarrhoeals/Antipropulsives Anti-obesity drugs Anti-diabetics Vitamins Dietary minerals Blood and blood forming organs B Antithrombotics Anticoagulants, Antiplatelets, Thrombolytics Antihemorrhagics Cardiovascular system C cardiac therapy/antianginals Cardiac glycosides, Antiarrhythmics, Cardiac stimulant Antihypertensives Diuretics Vasodilators Beta blockers renin-angiotensin system ACE inhibitors, Angiotensin II receptor antagonists, Renin inhibitors Antihyperlipidemics Skin D Emollients Cicatrizant Antipruritics Reproductive system G Hormonal contraception Fertility agents SERMs Sex hormones Endocrine system H Corticosteroids Sex hormones Thyroid hormones Antithyroid agent Infections and infestations J, P Antibiotics Antivirals Vaccines Antifungals Antiparasitic Antiprotozoals, Anthelmintics Malignant and immune disease L Anticancer agents Immunostimulators Immunosuppressants Muscles, bones, and joints M Anabolic steroids Anti-inflammatories NSAID Antirheumatics Corticosteroids Muscle relaxants Brain and nervous system N Anesthetics General, Local Analgesics Anticonvulsants Mood stabilizers Psycholeptic Anxiolytics, Antipsychotics, Hypnotics/Sedatives Psychoanaleptic Antidepressants, Stimulants/Psychostimulants Respiratory system R Bronchodilators Decongestants H1 antagonists Other ATC V Antidotes Contrast media Radiopharmaceuticals Dressing v d e Anti-inflammatory and antirheumatic products M01 Anti-inflammatory and antirheumatic products, non-steroids See also: NSAIDs Pyrazolidine/Butylpyrazolidines: · Ampyrone · Clofezone · Kebuzone · Metamizole · Mofebutazone · Oxyphenbutazone · Phenazone · Phenylbutazone · Sulfinpyrazone · Acetic acid derivatives and related substances: · Aceclofenac · Acemetacin · Alclofenac · Bromfenac · Bumadizone · Bufexamac · Diclofenac · Difenpiramide · Etodolac · Fentiazac · Indometacin · Ketorolac · Lonazolac · Oxametacin · Proglumetacin · Sulindac · Tolmetin · Zomepirac · Oxicams: · Ampiroxicam · Droxicam · Lornoxicam · Meloxicam · Piroxicam · Tenoxicam · Propionic acid derivatives: · Alminoprofen · Benoxaprofen · Dexibuprofen · Dexketoprofen · Fenbufen · Fenoprofen · Flunoxaprofen · Flurbiprofen · Ibuprofen · Ibuproxam · Indoprofen · Ketoprofen · Naproxen · Oxaprozin · Pirprofen · Suprofen · Tiaprofenic acid · Fenamates: · Flufenamic acid · Meclofenamic acid · Mefenamic acid · Tolfenamic acid · Coxibs: · Celecoxib · Etoricoxib · Lumiracoxib · Parecoxib · Rofecoxib · Valdecoxib · other anti-inflammatory and antirheumatic agents, non-steroids: · Nabumetone · Niflumic acid · Azapropazone · Glucosamine · Benzydamine · Glycosaminoglycan · Magnesium salicylate · Proquazone · Superoxide dismutase/Orgotein · Nimesulide · Feprazone · Diacerein · Morniflumate · Tenidap · Oxaceprol · Chondroitin sulfate · Specific antirheumatic agents Quinolines: · Oxycinchophen · Gold preparations: · Sodium aurothiomalate · Sodium aurothiosulfate · Auranofin · Aurothioglucose · Aurotioprol · Penicillamine/Bucillamine v d e Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug NSAID products primarily M01A and M02A, also N02BA Salicylates Aspirin acetylsalicylic acid · Aloxiprin · Benorylate · Diflunisal · Ethenzamide · Magnesium salicylate · Methyl salicylate · Salsalate · Salicin · Salicylamide · Sodium salicylate Arylalkanoic acids Diclofenac · Aceclofenac · Acemetacin · Alclofenac · Bromfenac · Etodolac · Indometacin · Indometacin farnesil · Nabumetone · Oxametacin · Proglumetacin · Sulindac · Tolmetin 2-Arylpropionic acids profens Ibuprofen · Alminoprofen · Benoxaprofen · Carprofen · Dexibuprofen · Dexketoprofen · Fenbufen · Fenoprofen · Flunoxaprofen · Flurbiprofen · Ibuproxam · Indoprofen†· Ketoprofen · Ketorolac · Loxoprofen · Miroprofen · Naproxen · Oxaprozin · Pirprofen · Suprofen · Tarenflurbil · Tiaprofenic acid N-Arylanthranilic acids fenamic acids Mefenamic acid · Flufenamic acid · Meclofenamic acid · Tolfenamic acid Pyrazolidine derivatives Phenylbutazone · Ampyrone · Azapropazone · Clofezone · Kebuzone · Metamizole†· Mofebutazone · Oxyphenbutazone · Phenazone · Sulfinpyrazone Oxicams Piroxicam · Droxicam · Lornoxicam · Meloxicam · Tenoxicam · Ampiroxicam COX-2 inhibitors Celecoxib · Deracoxib‡ · Etoricoxib · Firocoxib‡ · Lumiracoxib†· Parecoxib · Rofecoxib†· Valdecoxib†Sulphonanilides Nimesulide Topically used products Bendazac · Diclofenac · Etofenamate · Felbinac · Flurbiprofen · Ibuprofen · Indometacin · Ketoprofen · Naproxen · Piroxicam · Suprofen Others Fluproquazone · COX-inhibiting nitric oxide donator Items listed in bold indicate initially developed compounds of specific groups. †Withdrawn drugs. ‡Veterinary use medications. v d e Analgesic products N02A, N02B Opioids See also: Opioids template Opium alkaloids thereof Codeine · Morphine · Opium · Laudanum · Paregoric Semi-synthetic opium derivatives Acetyldihydrocodeine · Benzylmorphine · Desomorphine · Dihydrocodeine · Dihydromorphine · Ethylmorphine · Diamorphine · Hydrocodone · Hydromorphinol · Hydromorphone · Nicocodeine · Nicodicodeine · Nicomorphine · Oxycodone · Oxymorphone · Thebacon Synthetic opioids Alphaprodine · Anileridine · Buprenorphine · Butorphanol · Dextromoramide · Dextropropoxyphene · Dezocine · Fentanyl · Ketobemidone · Levorphanol · Methadone · Meptazinol · Nalbuphine · Pentazocine · Propoxyphene · Propiram · Pethidine · Phenazocine · Piminodine · Piritramide · Tapentadol · Tilidine · Tramadol Pyrazolones Ampyrone/Aminophenazone · Metamizole · Phenazone Cannabinoids Ajulemic acid · AM404 · Cannabidiol · Cannabis · Nabilone · Tetrahydrocannabinol Anilides Paracetamol acetaminophen · Phenacetin · Propacetamol Non-ateroidal anti-inflammatories See also: NSAIDs template Propionic acid class Fenoprofen · Flurbiprofen · Ibuprofen · Ketoprofen · Naproxen · Oxaprozin Oxicam class Meloxicam · Piroxicam Acetic acid class Diclofenac · Indometacin · Ketorolac · Nabumetone · Sulindac · Tolmetin COX-2 inhibitors Celecoxib · Rofecoxib Anthranilic acid fenamate class Meclofenamate · Mefenamic acid Salicylates Aspirin Acetylsalicylic acid · Benorylate · Diflunisal · Ethenzamide · Magnesium salicylate · Salicin · Salicylamide · Salsalate · Trisalate Atypical, adjunct miscellaneous Bicifadine · Clonidine · Cyclobenzaprine · Duloxetine · Flupirtine · Gabapentin · Glafenine · Nefopam · Orphenadrine · Tebanicline · Trazodone · Ziconotide Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Non-steroidal_anti-inflammatory_drug Categories: Analgesics | Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugsHidden categories: All articles with statements | Articles with statements since December 2007 | Articles with specifically-marked weasel-worded phrases | All pages needing cleanup | Articles that may contain original research since July 2008 | All articles that may contain original research Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages Türkçe Türkçe Bosanski Català Česky Deutsch Español Français Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本語 ‪Norsk bokmÃ¥l‬ Polski Português РуÑ?Ñ?кий SlovenÄ?ina Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Tiếng Việt Türkçe ä¸æ–‡ This page was last modified on 13 September 2008, at 19:09
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