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14-September-2008 18:02:37 - Nerve For other uses, see Nerve disambiguation. Medicine or the Medicine Portal may be able to help recruit one. If a more appropriate or portal exists, please adjust this template accordingly. May 2008 This article or section has multiple issues. Please help improve the article or discuss these issues on the talk page. It does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve it by citing reliable sources. Tagged since May 2008. It needs to be expanded. Tagged since April 2007. Nerves yellow Nerves yellow A nerve is an enclosed, cable-like bundle of axons the long, slender projection of a neuron. Neurons are sometimes called nerve cells, though this term is technically imprecise since many neurons do not form nerves, and nerves also include the non-axon glial cells that ensheath the axons in myelin. Contents 1 Anatomy 2 Clinical importance 3 See also 4 Additional images Anatomy Nerves are part of the peripheral nervous system. Afferent nerves convey sensory signals to the central nervous system, for example from skin or organs, while efferent nerves conduct stimulatory signals from the central nervous system to the muscles and glands. Afferent and efferent axons are often arranged together, forming mixed nerves. For example, the median nerve controls motor and sensory function in the hand. Billions of long nerve cells, called neurons, make up the body's nervous system. Neurons receive and transmit chemical-electrical messages to and from the brain. Each neuron is long and thin. One end receives messages and the other transmits the message to the next neuron. The messages jump across a gap, called a synapse, from one neuron to another. Each peripheral nerve is covered externally by a dense sheath of connective tissue, the epineurium. Underlying this is a layer of flat cells forming a complete sleeve, the perineurium. Perineurial septae extend into the nerve and subdivide it into several bundles of fibres. Surrounding each such fibre is the endoneurial sheath. This forms an unbroken tube which extends from the surface of the spinal cord to the level at which the axon synapses with its muscle fibres or ends in sensory receptors. The endoneurial sheath consists of an inner sleeve of material called the glycocalyx and an outer, delicate, meshwork of collagen fibres. Peripheral nerves are richly supplied with blood. Within the endoneurium, the individual nerve fibers are surrounded by a low protein liquid called endoneurial fluid. The endoneurium has properties analogous to the blood-brain barrier in that it excludes many types of chemical molecules from crossing into the endoneurial fluid from the blood stream. Because of this endoneurial fluid is considered a privileged space within the body - similar to the status of cerebro-spinal fluid in the central nervous system. During the development of nerve edema from nerve irritation or injury, the amount of endoneurial fluid can increase at the site of irritation. This effect can be seen by Magnetic resonance Neurography imaging. This is why MR neurography can show nerve irritation. Most nerves connect to the central nervous system through the spinal cord. The twelve cranial nerves, however connect directly to parts of the brain. Spinal nerves are given letter-number combinations according to the vertebra through which they connect to the spinal column. Cranial nerves are assigned numbers, usually expressed as Roman numerals from I to XII. In addition, most major nerves have descriptive names. Inside the central nervous system, distinguishable bundles of axons are termed tracts rather than nerves. The signals that nerves carry, sometimes called nerve impulses, are also known as action potentials. These are rapidly up to 120 m/s traveling electrical waves, which typically begin in the cell body of a neuron and propagate down the axon to its tip or terminus. The signals cross over from the terminus of the axon to the adjacent neurotransmitter receptor through a gap called the synapse. Motor neurons innervate or activate muscles groups. Clinical importance Damage to nerves can be caused by physical injury, swelling e.g. carpal tunnel syndrome, autoimmune diseases e.g. Guillain-Barré syndrome, infection neuritis, diabetes or failure of the blood vessels surrounding the nerve. A pinched nerve occurs when pressure is placed on a nerve, usually from swelling due to an injury or pregnancy. Nerve damage or pinched nerves are usually accompanied by pain, numbness, weakness, or paralysis. Patients may feel these symptoms in areas far from the actual site of damage, a phenomenon called referred pain. Referred pain occurs because when a nerve is damaged, signalling is defective from all parts of the area from which the nerve receives input, not just the site of the damage. Neurologists usually diagnose disorders of the nerves by a physical examination, including the testing of reflexes, walking and other directed movements, muscle weakness, proprioception, and the sense of touch. This initial exam can be followed with tests such as nerve conduction study and electromyography EMG. See also Nervous system Dermatome Anatomy Nerve injury Additional images Peripheral nerve, cross section v d e Nerves: spinal nerves Cervical 8 C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, C8 anterior Cervical plexus, Brachial plexus - posterior Posterior branches of cervical nerves, Suboccipital - C1, Greater occipital - C2, Third occipital - C3 Thoracic 12 T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8, T9, T10, T11, T12 anterior Intercostal, Intercostobrachial - T2, Thoraco-abdominal nerves - T7-T11, Subcostal - T12 - posterior Posterior branches of thoracic nerves Lumbar 5 L1, L2, L3, L4, L5 anterior Lumbar plexus, Lumbosacral trunk - posterior Posterior branches of the lumbar nerves, Superior cluneal L1-L3 Sacral 5 S1, S2, S3, S4, S5 anterior Sacral plexus - posterior Posterior branches of sacral nerves, Medial cluneal nerves Coccygeal 1 anterior Coccygeal plexus - posterior Posterior branch of coccygeal nerve v d e Nerves of head and neck: the cranial nerves and nuclei olfactory AON-I olfactory bulb - olfactory tract optic LGN-II optic chiasm - optic tract oculomotor ON,EWN-III superior branch parasympathetic root of ciliary ganglion/ciliary ganglion - inferior branch trochlear TN-IV no significant branches trigeminal PSN,TSN,MN,TMN-V trigeminal ganglion ophthalmic maxillary mandibular abducens AN-VI no significant branches facial FMN,SN,SSN-VII near origin nervus intermedius geniculate inside facial canal greater petrosal pterygopalatine ganglion - nerve to the stapedius - chorda tympani lingual nerve, submandibular ganglion at stylomastoid foramen posterior auricular - suprahyoid digastric, stylohyoid - parotid plexus temporal, zygomatic, buccal, mandibular, cervical vestibulocochlear VN,CN-VIII cochlear striae medullares, lateral lemniscus vestibular Scarpa's ganglion glossopharyngeal NA,ISN,SN-IX before jugular fossa ganglia superior, inferior after jugular fossa tympanic tympanic plexus, lesser petrosal, otic ganglion stylopharyngeal branch pharyngeal branches tonsillar branches lingual branches carotid sinus vagus NA,DNVN,SN-X before jugular fossa ganglia superior, inferior after jugular fossa meningeal branch - auricular branch neck pharyngeal branch pharyngeal plexus - superior laryngeal external, internal - recurrent laryngeal inferior - superior cervical cardiac thorax inferior cardiac - pulmonary - vagal trunks anterior, posterior abdomen celiac - renal - hepatic - anterior gastric - posterior gastric accessory NA,SAN-XI cranial - spinal hypoglossal HN-XII lingual branches v d e Nerves of head and neck: the cervical plexus C1-C4 superficial C2-C3: Lesser occipital Greater auricular Transverse cervical C3-C4: Supraclavicular deep C1-C3: Ansa cervicalis superior root, inferior root C3-C5: Phrenic v d e Nerves of upper limbs primarily: the brachial plexus C5-T1 Supraclavicular root dorsal scapular, long thoracic - upper trunk suprascapular, to the subclavius Infraclavicular: lateral cord lateral pectoral musculocutaneous lateral cutaneous of forearm median/lateral root: anterior interosseous - palmar - recurrent - common palmar digital proper palmar digital Infraclavicular: medial cord medial pectoral cutaneous: medial cutaneous of forearm medial cutaneous of arm ulnar: muscular - palmar - dorsal dorsal digital nerves - superficial common palmar digital, proper palmar digital - deep median/medial root: see above Infraclavicular: posterior cord subscapular upper, lower thoracodorsal axillary superior lateral cutaneous of arm radial: muscular - cutaneous posterior of arm, inferior lateral of arm, posterior of forearm - superficial dorsal digital nerves - deep posterior interosseous Other cutaneous innervation of the upper limbs v d e Nerves - autonomic nervous system sympathetic nervous system/ganglion/trunks and parasympathetic nervous system/ganglion Head/cranial Ciliary ganglion: roots Sensory, Parasympathetic, Sympathetic - Short ciliary Pterygopalatine ganglion: deep petrosal - nerve of pterygoid canal branches of distribution: greater palatine inferior posterior nasal branches - lesser palatine - nasopalatine medial superior posterior nasal branches - pharyngeal Submandibular ganglion Otic ganglion Neck/cervical paravertebral ganglia: Cervical ganglia Superior, Middle, Inferior - Stellate ganglion prevertebral plexus: Cavernous plexus - Internal carotid Chest/thorax paravertebral ganglia: Thoracic ganglia prevertebral plexus: Cardiac plexus - Esophageal plexus - Pulmonary plexus - Thoracic aortic plexus splanchnic nerves: cardiopulmonary - thoracic cardiac nerves: Superior - Middle - Inferior Abdomen/Lumbar paravertebral ganglia: Lumbar ganglia prevertebral ganglia: Celiac ganglia Aorticorenal - Superior mesenteric ganglion - Inferior mesenteric ganglion prevertebral plexus: Celiac plexus - Hepatic, Splenic, Pancreatic - aorticorenal Abdominal aortic plexus, Renal/Suprarenal - Superior mesenteric Gastric - Inferior mesenteric Spermatic, Ovarian - Superior hypogastric hypogastric nerve, Superior rectal - Inferior hypogastric Vesical, Prostatic/Cavernous nerves of penis, Uterovaginal, Middle rectal splanchnic nerves: Lumbar splanchnic nerves enteric nervous system: Meissner's plexus Auerbach's plexus Pelvis/sacral paravertebral ganglia: Sacral ganglia - Ganglion impar splanchnic nerves: Pelvic splanchnic nerves - Sacral splanchnic nerves All Rami communicans White, Gray - Preganglionic fibers - Postganglionic fibers v d e Nerves of lower limbs and lower torso: the lumbosacral plexus L1-Co lumbar plexus L1-L4 iliohypogastric: lateral cutaneous branch - anterior cutaneous branch ilioinguinal: anterior scrotal ♂/labial ♀ genitofemoral: femoral branch/lumboinguinal - genital branch lateral cutaneous of thigh: patellar obturator: anterior cutaneous - posterior - accessory femoral: anterior cutaneous branches - saphenous infrapatellar, medial crural cutaneous sacral plexus L4-S4 sciatic common fibular: lateral sural cutaneous sural communicating branch - deep fibular lateral terminal branch, medial terminal branch, dorsal digital - superficial fibular medial dorsal cutaneous, intermediate dorsal cutaneous, dorsal digital tibial: medial sural cutaneous - medial calcaneal - medial plantar common plantar digital nerves, proper plantar digital - lateral plantar deep branch, superficial branch, common plantar digital, proper plantar digital sural: lateral dorsal cutaneous - lateral calcaneal other muscular: superior gluteal/inferior gluteal - lateral rotator group to quadratus femoris, to obturator internus, to the piriformis cutaneous: posterior cutaneous of thigh inferior cluneal, perineal branches - perforating cutaneous coccygeal plexus S4-Co pudendal: inferior anal - perineal deep, posterior scrotal ♂/labial ♀ - dorsal of the penis ♂/clitoris ♀ anococcygeal cutaneous innervation of the lower limbs Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Nerve Categories: Nervous system | NeuroanatomyHidden categories: Medicine articles needing expert attention | Articles needing expert attention since May 2008 | Pages needing expert attention | May 2008 | All articles lacking sources | Articles to be expanded since April 2007 | All articles to be expanded Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages العربية Català Česky Deutsch Español Français í•œêµì–´ Ido Bahasa Indonesia Ã?slenska Italiano עברית Latina Lietuvių МакедонÑ?ки Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Runa Simi РуÑ?Ñ?кий Simple English SlovenÅ¡Ä?ina Suomi Svenska ไทย ייִדיש ä¸æ–‡ This page was last modified on 8 September 2008, at 13:51
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