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14-September-2008 18:02:37 - invasive medical The term non-invasive in medicine has two meanings: A medical procedure which does not penetrate mechanically, nor break the skin or a body cavity, i.e., it doesn't require an invasive incision into the body or the removal of biological tissue. An abnormal tissue growth, such as a neoplasm or tumor, that doesn't spread invade to the surrounding healthy tissue. For centuries, physicians have employed many simple non-invasive methods based on physical parameters in order to assess body function in health and disease physical examination and inspection, such as pulse-taking, the auscultation of heart sounds and lung sounds using the stethoscope, temperature examination using thermometers, respiratory examination, peripheral vascular examination, oral examination, abdominal examination, external percussion and palpation, blood pressure measurement using the sphygmomanometer, change in body volumes using plethysmograph, audiometry, eye examination and many others. The discovery of the first modern non-invasive techniques based on physical methods, electrocardiography and X-rays, dates back to the end of the 19th century. Since then, non-invasive methods - which penetrate the body nonetheless, but by electromagnetic or particle radiation rather than a scalpel - have continuously enlarged the scope of medical technology. Non-invasive techniques commonly used for diagnosis and therapy include the following: Contents 1 Diagnostic images 2 Diagnostic signals 3 Therapy 4 See also 5 References Diagnostic images Computed tomography machine. Source: GE Computed tomography machine. Source: GE Bioluminescence imaging Dermatoscopy Diffuse optical tomography Gamma camera and other scintillographical methods, such as Positron Emission Tomography PET and Single-Photon Emission Tomography SPECT, using radioactive tracers in the body Gene expression imaging Infrared imaging of the body Magnetic resonance elastography Magnetic resonance imaging, using external magnetic fields Magnetic resonance spectroscopy Optical coherence tomography Posturography Radiography, fluoroscopy and computed tomography, using X-rays Ultrasonography and echocardiography using ultrasound waves for imaging A recent advance is the substitution of invasive medical tests, such as colonoscopy by computer-based 3D reconstructions, such as virtual colonoscopy. Diagnostic signals Electrocardiographic tracing Electrocardiographic tracing Electrocardiography EKG Electroencephalography EEG Electromyography EMG PhotoplethysmographPPG Electrical impedance tomography EIT Electroneuronography ENoG Electroretinography ERG Electronystagmography ENG Magnetoencephalography MEG Evoked potentials, such as the visual evoked potentials VEP and the brain evoked response audiometry BERA tests Body impedanciometry Impedance phlebography Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy Percutaneous light spectroscopy such as in pulse oximetry and capnography Actigraphy Breath tests, such as the urea breath test Intelligent biomedical clothing Non-invasive biomedical sensors Endoluminal capsule monitoring Therapy Radiation therapy and radiosurgery, procedures that uses external atomic particles protons, neutrons, photons, alpha particles, etc. or gamma rays to destroy pathological tissue within the body Lithotripsy, a procedure that uses ultrasound shock waves to break urinary calculus Defibrillation, a procedure to block heart fibrillation and start normal rhythm Mechanical ventilation, such as the iron lung. Transdermal patches, used to deliver drugs applied to the skin. Biofeedback CPAP Continuous Positive Airway Pressure used to treat sleep apnea VPAP BIPAP Biphasic Cuirass Ventilation BCV, eg. Hayek RTX Photodynamic therapy Therapeutic ultrasound Extracorporeal thermal ablation Extracorporeal magnetic innervation 1 Photo-infrared pulsed bio-modulation 2 Transcranial magnetic stimulation In some cases, non-invasive methods will not work for the intended purpose, so medical technology has developed minimally-invasive methods, such as hypodermic injection using the syringe, endoscopy, percutaneous surgery, laparoscopic surgery, coronary catheterization, angioplasty, stereotactic surgery and many others. The benefits for the patient are self-evident. See also Medical imaging Biomedical engineering Minimally invasive Molecular Imaging Medical tests References Tachibana K. Emerging technologies in therapeutic ultrasound: thermal ablation to gene delivery. Hum Cell. 2004 Mar;171:7-15. Review. PMID 15369132 Kim PE, Singh M. Functional magnetic resonance imaging for brain mapping in neurosurgery. Neurosurg Focus. 2003 Jul 15;151:E1. Review. PMID 15355003 Richie RC. Non-invasive assessment of the risk of coronary heart disease. J Insur Med. 2002;341:31-42. Review. PMID 15303592 Golder W. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy in clinical oncology. Onkologie. 2004 Jun;273:304-9. Review. PMID 15249722 Cherry SR. In vivo molecular and genomic imaging: new challenges for imaging physics. Phys Med Biol. 2004 Feb 7;493:R13-48. Review. PMID 15012005 Lymberis A, Olsson S. Intelligent biomedical clothing for personal health and disease management: state of the art and future vision. Telemed J E Health. 2003 Winter;94:379-86. Review. PMID 14980096 Soling A, Rainov NG. Bioluminescence imaging in vivo - application to cancer research. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2003 Oct;37:1163-72. Review. Biol Ther. 2003 Dec;38:1315. PMID 14519079 Rohrscheib M, Robinson R, Eaton RP. Non-invasive glucose sensors and improved informatics--the future of diabetes management. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2003 Sep;55:280-4. Review. PMID 12940864 Jacobs AH, Winkeler A, Dittmar C, Hilker R, Heiss WD. Prospects of molecular imaging in neurology. J Cell Biochem Suppl. 2002;39:98-109. Review. PMID 12552609 Malhi GS, Valenzuela M, Wen W, Sachdev P. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy and its applications in psychiatry. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2002 Feb;361:31-43. Review. PMID 11929436 Jacobs A, Heiss WD. Towards non-invasive imaging of HSV-1 vector-mediated gene expression by positron emission tomography. Vet Microbiol. 2002 Apr 22;861-2:27-36. Review. PMID 11888687 Leman JA, Morton CA. Photodynamic therapy: applications in dermatology. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2002 Jan;21:45-53. Review. PMID 11772339 Richter JE. Ambulatory esophageal pH monitoring. Am J Med. 1997 Nov 24;1035A:130S-134S. Review. PMID 9422638 Yokoyama T, Fujita O, Nishiguchi J, Nozaki K, Nose H, Inoue M, Ozawa H, Kumon H. Extracorporeal magnetic innervation treatment for urinary incontinence. Int J Urol. 2004 Aug;118:602-6. PMID 15285749 Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Non-invasive_medical Categories: Medical terms Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page This page was last modified on 5 July 2008, at 00:52
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