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14-September-2008 18:02:44 - Orphan receptor An orphan receptor is an apparent receptor that has a similar structure to other identified receptors but whose endogenous ligand has not yet been identified. If a ligand for an orphan receptor is later discovered, the receptor is referred to as an adopted orphan. Contents 1 Examples 2 Discovery 3 References 4 External links Examples Examples of orphan receptors are found in the G protein-coupled receptor GPCR123 and nuclear receptor4 families. GPCR orphan receptors are usually given the name GPR followed by a number, for example GPR1. Adopted orphan receptors in the nuclear receptor group include the farnesoid X receptor FXR, liver X receptor LXR, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor PPAR. Discovery Historically, receptors were discovered by using ligands to fish for their receptors. Hence by definition, these receptors were not orphans. However with modern molecular biology techniques such as screening of cDNA libraries, it becomes possible to identify related receptors based on sequence similarity to known receptors without knowing what their ligands are. References ^ Levoye A, Dam J, Ayoub MA, Guillaume JL, Jockers R 2006. Do orphan G-protein-coupled receptors have ligand-independent functions? New insights from receptor heterodimers. EMBO Rep 7 11: 1094-8. doi:10.1038/sj.embor.7400838. PMID 17077864. ^ Civelli O, Saito Y, Wang Z, Nothacker HP, Reinscheid RK 2006. Orphan GPCRs and their ligands. Pharmacol Ther 110 3: 525-32. doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2005.10.001. PMID 16289308. ^ Wise A, Jupe SC, Rees S 2004. The identification of ligands at orphan G-protein coupled receptors.. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 44 February: 43-66. doi:10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.44.101802.121419. PMID 14744238. ^ Benoit G, Cooney A, Giguere V, Ingraham H, Lazar M, Muscat G, Perlmann T, Renaud JP, Schwabe J, Sladek F, Tsai MJ, Laudet V 2006. International Union of Pharmacology. LXVI. Orphan nuclear receptors. Pharmacol Rev 58 4: 798-836. doi:10.1124/pr.58.4.10. PMID 17132856. This protein-related article is a stub. External links Class A Orphans GPCRs. IUPHAR Database. International Union of Pharmacology. Class B Orphans GPCRs. IUPHAR Database. International Union of Pharmacology. Class C Orphans GPCRs. IUPHAR Database. International Union of Pharmacology. Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Orphan_receptor Categories: Protein stubs | Signal transduction Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages 日本語 This page was last modified on 27 June 2008, at 04:31
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So many of us do not eat a balanced diet, get enough sleep, have too much stress, or are impacted with toxins and pollutants. Drinking 2 ounces of MonaVie twice a day will help your body detoxify as well as build your immune system. Its the smartest thing you can do for yourself, so start today. Buying MonaVie through our company guarantees you support 7 days a week and, if you would like to share MonaVie with your family and friends we will guide you from start to finish.
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