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14-September-2008 18:02:37 - Osteoarthritis Osteoarthritis Classification and external resources ICD-10 M15.-M19., M47. ICD-9 715 OMIM 165720 DiseasesDB 9313 MedlinePlus 000423 eMedicine med/1682 orthoped/427 pmr/93 radio/492 MeSH D010003 Osteoarthritis OA, also known as degenerative arthritis, degenerative joint disease, is a clinical syndrome in which low-grade inflammation results in pain in the joints, caused by abnormal wearing of the cartilage that covers and acts as a cushion inside joints and destruction or decrease of synovial fluid that lubricates those joints. As the bone surfaces become less well protected by cartilage, the patient experiences pain upon weight bearing, including walking and standing. Due to decreased movement because of the pain, regional muscles may atrophy, and ligaments may become more lax.1 OA is the most common form of arthritis1 and the leading cause of chronic disability in the United States.2 Osteoarthritis is derived from the Greek word osteo, meaning of the bone, arthro, meaning joint, and itis, meaning inflammation, although many sufferers have little or no inflammation. A common misconception is that OA is due solely to wear and tear, due to the fact that OA typically is not present in younger people. However, while age is correlated with OA incidence, this merely illustrates that OA is a process that takes time to develop. There is usually an underlying cause for OA, in which case it is described as secondary OA. If no underlying cause can be identified it is described as primary OA. Degenerative arthritis is often used as a synonym for OA, but the latter involves both degenerative and regenerative changes. OA affects nearly 21 million people in the United States, accounting for 25% of visits to primary care physicians, and half of all NSAID Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs prescriptions. It is estimated that 80% of the population will have radiographic evidence of OA by age 65, although only 60% of those will be symptomatic.3 In the United States, hospitalizations for osteoarthritis soared from about 322,000 in 1993 to 735,000 in 2006.4 Contents 1 Signs and symptoms 2 Causes 3 Two types 3.1 Primary 3.2 Secondary 4 Diagnosis 5 Treatment 5.1 Conservative care 5.2 Medical treatment 5.3 Dietary 5.3.1 Glucosamine 5.3.2 Chondroitin 5.3.3 Other supplements 5.4 Complications 5.5 Specific medications 5.5.1 Paracetamol 5.5.2 Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs 5.5.3 COX-2 selective inhibitors 5.5.4 Corticosteroids 5.5.5 Narcotics 5.6 Topical 5.7 Surgery 5.8 Other approaches 5.8.1 Acupuncture 5.8.2 Low level laser therapy 5.8.3 Osteopathy 5.8.4 Prolotherapy 6 Prognosis 7 Additional images 8 References 9 See also 10 External links Signs and symptoms The main symptom is acute pain, causing loss of ability and often stiffness. Pain is generally described as a sharp ache, or a burning sensation in the associated muscles and tendons. OA can cause a crackling noise called crepitus when the affected joint is moved or touched, and patients may experience muscle spasm and contractions in the tendons. Occasionally, the joints may also be filled with fluid. Humid weather increases the pain in many patients.5 OA commonly affects the hips, feet, spine, and the large weight bearing joints, such as the hips and knees, although in theory, any joint in the body can be affected. As OA progresses, the affected joints appear larger, are stiff and painful, and usually feel worse, the more they are used throughout the day, thus distinguishing it from rheumatoid arthritis. In smaller joints, such as at the fingers, hard bony enlargements, called Heberden's nodes on the distal interphalangeal joints and/or Bouchard's nodes on the proximal interphalangeal joints, may form, and though they are not necessarily painful, they do limit the movement of the fingers significantly. OA at the toes leads to the formation of bunions, rendering them red or swollen. OA is the most common cause of water on the knee, an accumulation of excess fluid in or around the knee joint. 6 Causes Although it commonly arises from trauma, osteoarthritis often affects multiple members of the same family, suggesting that there is herary susceptibility to this condition. A number of studies have shown that there is a greater prevalence of the disease between siblings and especially identical twins, indicating a herary basiscitation needed. Up to 60% of OA cases are thought to result from genetic factors. Researchers are also investigating the possibility of allergies, infections, or fungi as a cause. There is some evidence that allergies, whether fungal, infectious or systemically induced, may be a significant contributing factor to the appearance of osteoarthritis in a synovial sac.citation needed. In osteoarthritis, the joint cartilage breaks down. Cartilage exists within the incudomalleolar and incudostapedial joints. In addition, the cartilage-covered base of the stapes footplate is bound to the cartilage-covered rim of the oval window by the annular ligament. Thus, higher prevalence of middle ear abnormalities and hearing loss can be expected in osteoarthritis due to degeneration of the cartilage and the subsequent abnormal repair response. Osteoarthritis and hearing loss are considered among the top chronic health concerns in older individuals although the connection between these two conditions has not been previously reported.Template:Audiol Neurotol 2007;12:127-136 DOI: 10.1159/000097799 Two types OA affects nearly 21 million people in the United States, accounting for 25% of visits to primary care physicians, and half of all NSAID Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs prescriptions. It is estimated that 80% of the population will have radiographic evidence of OA by age 65, although only 60% of those will be symptomatic.3 Treatment is with NSAIDs, local injections of glucocorticoid or hyaluronan, and in severe cases, with joint replacement surgery. There has been no cure for OA, as cartilage has not been induced to regenerate. However, if OA is caused by cartilage damage for example as a result of an injury Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation may be a possible treatment.7 Clinical trials employing tissue-engineering methods have demonstrated regeneration of cartilage in damaged knees, including those that had progressed to osteoarthritis.8 Further, in January 2007, Johns Hopkins University was offering to license a technology of this kind, 9 listing several clinical competitors in its market analysis. Primary Primary OA in the left knee of an elderly female. Primary OA in the left knee of an elderly female. This type of OA is a chronic degenerative disorder related to but not caused by aging, as there are people well into their nineties who have no clinical or functional signs of the disease. As a person ages, the water content of the cartilage decreases due to a reduced proteoglycan content, thus causing the cartilage to be less resilient. Without the protective effects of the proteoglycans, the collagen fibers of the cartilage can become susceptible to degradation and thus exacerbate the degeneration. Inflammation of the surrounding joint capsule can also occur, though often mild compared to that which occurs in rheumatoid arthritis. This can happen as breakdown products from the cartilage are released into the synovial space, and the cells lining the joint attempt to remove them. New bone outgrowths, called spurs or osteophytes, can form on the margins of the joints, possibly in an attempt to improve the congruence of the articular cartilage surfaces. These bone changes, together with the inflammation, can be both painful and debilitating. Secondary This type of OA is caused by other factors or diseases but the resulting pathology is the same as for primary OA: Congenital disorders, such as: Congenital hip luxation People with abnormally-formed joints e.g. hip dysplasia human are more vulnerable to OA, as added stress is specifically placed on the joints whenever they move. However, recent studies have shown that double-jointedness may actually protect the fingers and hand from osteoarthritis. Cracking joints-the evidence is weak at best that this has any connection to arthritis. Diabetes. Inflammatory diseases such as Perthes' disease, Lyme disease, and all chronic forms of arthritis e.g. costochondritis, gout, and rheumatoid arthritis. In gout, uric acid crystals cause the cartilage to degenerate at a faster pace. Injury to joints, as a result of an accident. A joint infection, e.g. from an injury. Hormonal disorders. Ligamentous deterioration or instability may be a factor. Obesity. Obesity puts added weight on the joints, especially the knees. Sports injuries, or similar injuries from exercise or work. Certain sports, such as running or football, put undue pressure on the knee joints. Injuries resulting in broken ligaments can lead to instability of the joint and over time to wear on the cartilage and eventually osteoarthritis. Pregnancy Alkaptonuria Hemochromatosis and Wilson's disease Diagnosis Diagnosis is normally done through x-rays. This is possible because loss of cartilage, subchondral below cartilage sclerosis, subchondral cysts, narrowing of the joint space between the articulating bones, and bone spur formation osteophytes show up clearly on x-rays. Plain films, however, often do not correlate well with the findings of physical examination of the affected joints. With or without other techniques, such as MRI magnetic resonance imaging, arthrocentesis and arthroscopy, diagnosis can be made by a careful study of the duration, location, the character of the joint symptoms, and the appearance of the joints themselves. As yet, there are no methods available to detect OA in its early and potentially treatable stages. In 1990, the College of Rheumatology, using data from a multi-center study, developed a set of criteria for the diagnosis of hand osteoarthritis based on hard tissue enlargement and swelling of certain joints. These criteria were found to be 92% sensitive and 98% specific for hand osteoarthritis versus other entities such as rheumatoid arthritis and spondyloarthropities 10. Related pathologies whose names may be confused with osteoarthritis include pseudo-arthrosis. This is derived from the Greek words pseudo, meaning false, and arthrosis, meaning joint. Radiographic diagnosis results in diagnosis of a fracture within a joint, which is not to be confused with osteoarthritis which is a degenerative pathology affecting a high incidence of distal phalangeal joints of female patients. Treatment Generally speaking, the process of clinically detectable osteoarthritis is irreversible, and typical treatment consists of medication or other interventions that can reduce the pain of OA and thereby improve the function of the joint. Conservative care No matter the severity or location of OA, conservative measures such as weight control, appropriate rest and exercise, and the use of mechanical support devices are usually beneficial. In OA of the knees, knee braces, a cane, or a walker can be helpful for walking and support. Regular exercise, if possible, in the form of walking or swimming, is encouraged. Applying local heat before, and cold packs after exercise, can help relieve pain and inflammation, as can relaxation techniques. Heat - often moist heat - eases inflammation and swelling, and may improve circulation, which has a healing effect on the local area. Weight loss can relieve joint stress and may delay progressioncitation needed. Proper advice and guidance by a health care provider is important in OA management, enabling people with this condition to improve their quality of life. In 2002, a randomized, blinded assessor trial was published showing a positive effect on hand function with patients who practiced home joint protection exercises JPE. Grip strength, the primary outcome parameter, increased by 25% in the exercise group versus no improvement in the control group. Global hand function improved by 65% for those undertaking JPE. 11 Medical treatment Medical treatment includes NSAIDs, local injections of glucocorticoid or hyaluronan, and in severe cases, with joint replacement surgery. There has been no cure for OA, as cartilage has not been induced to regenerate. However, if OA is caused by cartilage damage for example as a result of an injury Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation may be a possible treatment.12 Clinical trials employing tissue-engineering methods have demonstrated regeneration of cartilage in damaged knees, including those that had progressed to osteoarthritis.13 Further, in January 2007, Johns Hopkins University was offering to license a technology of this kind, 14 listing several clinical competitors in its market analysis. Dietary Supplements which may be useful for treating OA include: Glucosamine A molecule derived from glucosamine is used by the body to make some of the components of cartilage and synovial fluid. Supplemental glucosamine may improve symptoms of OA and delay its progression.15 However, a large study suggests that glucosamine is not effective in treating OA of the knee.16 A subsequent meta-analysis that includes this trial concluded that glucosamine hydrochloride is not effective and that the effect of glucosamine sulfate is uncertain.17 Chondroitin Along with glucosamine, chondroitin sulfate has become a widely used dietary supplement for treatment of osteoarthritis. A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials found no benefit from chondroitin.18 The Osteoarthritis Research Society International is in support of the use of chondroitin sulfate for OA. Other supplements Omega-3 fatty acid,a vitamin supplement comprised of important oils derived from fish.citation needed Boswellia, an herbal supplement known in Ayurvedic medicine. It is widely available in health food stores and online.citation needed Bromelain, a protease enzymes extracted from the plant family Bromeliaceae, blocks some proinflammatory metabolites.19 Antioxidants, including vitamins C and E in both foods and supplements, provide pain relief from OA. 20 Hydrolyzed collagen hydrolysate a gelatin product may also prove beneficial in the relief of OA symptoms, as substantiated in a German study by Beuker F. et al. and Seeligmuller et al. In their 6-month placebo-controlled study of 100 elderly patients, the verum group showed significant improvement in joint mobility.citation needed Ginger rhizome extract - has improved knee symptoms moderately.21 Selenium deficiency has been correlated with a higher risk and severity of OA.22 vitamins B9 folate and B12 cobalamin taken in large doses has been thought to reduce OA hand pain in one very small, non-quantitative study of 25 people. The results of which are extremely vague at best.23 The risk from large doses would suggest that this is not a safe treatment. Vitamin D deficiency has been reported in patients with OA, and supplementation with Vitamin D3 is recommended for pain relief.24 Bone Morphogenetic Protein 6 BMP-6 has recently been shown to have a functional role in the maintenance of joint integrity and is now being produced in an orally ingested form. 25 Other nutritional changes shown to aid in the treatment of OA include decreasing saturated fat intake26 and using a low energy diet to decrease body fat.27 Lifestyle change may be needed for effective symptomatic relief, especially for knee OA.28 Complications Dealing with chronic pain can be difficult and result in depression. Communicating with other patients and caregivers can be helpful, as can maintaining a positive attitude. People who take control of their treatment, communicate with their health care provider, and actively manage their arthritis experience can reduce pain and improve function.citation needed Specific medications Paracetamol A mild pain reliever may be sufficiently efficacious. Paracetamol tylenol/acetaminophen, is commonly used to treat the pain from OA, although unlike NSAIDs, acetaminophen does not treat the inflammation.citation needed A randomized controlled trial comparing paracetamol with ibuprofen in x-ray-proven mild to moderate osteoarthritis of the hip or knee found equal benefit.29 However, acetaminophen at a dose of 4 grams per day can increase liver function tests.30 Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs In more severe cases, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs NSAID may reduce both the pain and inflammation; they all act by inhibiting the formation of prostaglandins, which play a central role in inflammation and pain. Most prominent drugs in the class include diclofenac, ibuprofen, naproxen and ketoprofen. High oral drug doses are often required. However, diclofenac has been found to cause damage to the articular cartilage. Even more importantly all systemic NSAIDs are rather taxing on the gastrointestinal tract, and may cause stomach upset, cramping, diarrhea, and peptic ulcer. Such systemic adverse side effects are normally not observed when using NSAIDs topically, that is, on the skin around the target area. The typically weak and/or short-lived therapeutic effect of such topical treatments may be improved by using the drug in more modern formulations, including or ketoprofen associated with the Transfersome carriers or diclofenac in DMSO solution. COX-2 selective inhibitors Another type of NSAID, COX-2 selective inhibitors such as celecoxib, and the withdrawn rofecoxib and valdecoxib reduce this risk substantially. These latter NSAIDs carry an elevated risk for cardiovascular disease, and some have now been withdrawn from the market. Corticosteroids Most doctors nowadays avoid the use of steroids in the treatment of OA as their effect is modest and the adverse effects may outweigh the benefits. Narcotics For moderate to severe pain, narcotic pain relievers such as tramadol, and eventually opioids hydrocodone, oxycodone or morphine may be necessary. Topical Topical treatments are treatments designed for local application and action. There are several NSAIDs available for topical use e.g. diclofenac, ibuprofen, and ketoprofen with little, if any, systemic side-effects and at least some therapeutic effect. The more modern NSAID formulations for direct use, containing the drugs in an organic solution or the Transfersome carrier based gel, reportedly, are as effective as oral NSAIDs. Creams and lotions, containing capsaicin, are effective in treating pain associated with OA if they are applied with sufficient frequency. Severe pain in specific joints can be treated with local lidocaine injections or similar local anaesthetics, and glucocorticoids such as hydrocortisone. Corticosteroids cortisone and similar agents may temporarily reduce the pain. Surgery If the above management is ineffective, joint replacement surgery may be required. Individuals with very painful OA joints may require surgery such as fragment removal, repositioning bones, or fusing bone to increase stability and reduce pain. Over the last years, a series of articular cartilage repair procedures have managed to effectively treat articular cartilage damage in the knee. Though there are no studies yet that proove these surgical procedures prevent the the progression of a cartilage defect to OA, these articualr cartilage repair procedures are largely believed to at least slow down the degeneration of the joint compared to untreated cases.31 Other approaches There are various other modalities in use for osteoarthritis: Acupuncture A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials of acupuncture for knee osteoarthritis concluded clinically relevant benefits, some of which may be due to placebo or expectation effects.32 Low level laser therapy Low level laser therapy is a light wave based treatment that may reduce pain. The treatment is painless, inexpensive and without risks or side effects. Unfortunately, it may not actually have any real benefits.1 Osteopathy Osteopathy is a form of physical therapy by licensed medical practitioners in both the US and the UK. Osteopathic treatment focuses on reducing pain, easing swelling and improving the mobility and range of joint movements.33 Recent research has shown benefits of resistance therapy for patients with knee osteoarthritis.34 Prolotherapy Prolotherapy proliferative therapy is the injection of an irritant substance such as dextrose to create an acute inflammatory reaction. It is claimed to strengthen and heal damaged tissues including ligaments, tendons and cartilage as part of this reactioncitation needed. The injection is painful like corticosteroids or hyaluronic acid and may cause an increase in pain for a few days afterwards. The only other significant risk is the rare possibility of infection.citation needed Prognosis The most common course of OA is an intermittent, progressive worsening of symptoms over time, although in some patients the disease stabilizes. Prognosis also varies depending on which joint is involved. Factors associated with progression of OA: Knees: High body mass index, varus or valgus knee deformity. Hips: Night pain, presence of femoral osteophytes, and subchondral sclerosis in females. Hands: Older age. Feet/Ankles Additional images References ^ a b Conaghan, Phillip. Osteoarthritis - National clinical guideline for care and management in adults. Retrieved on 2008-04-29. ^ CDC. Prevalence of disabilities and associated health conditions among adults --- United States, 1999. MMWR 2001;50:120-5. ^ a b Green GA 2001. Understanding NSAIDs: from aspirin to COX-2. Clin Cornerstone 3 5: 50-60. PMID 11464731. ^ Hospitalizations for Osteoarthritis Rising Sharply Newswise, Retrieved on September 4, 2008. ^ MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia: Osteoarthritis ^ Water on the knee, MayoClinic.com ^ Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation ^ Hollander AP, Dickinson SC, Sims TJ, et al 2006. Maturation of tissue engineered cartilage implanted in injured and osteoarthritic human knees. Tissue Eng. 12 7: 1787-98. doi:10.1089/ten.2006.12.1787. PMID 16889509. ^ Repairing knee joints by growing new cartilage using an injectable hydrogel ^ Altman R, Alarcón G, Appelrouth D, et al 1990. The American College of Rheumatology criteria for the classification and reporting of osteoarthritis of the hand. Arthritis Rheum. 33 11: 1601-10. doi:10.1002/art.1780331101. PMID 2242058. ^ Stamm TA, Machold KP, Smolen JS, et al 2002. Joint protection and home hand exercises improve hand function in patients with hand osteoarthritis: a randomized controlled trial. Arthritis Rheum. 47 1: 44-9. doi:10.1002/art1.10246. PMID 11932877. ^ Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation ^ Hollander AP, Dickinson SC, Sims TJ, et al 2006. Maturation of tissue engineered cartilage implanted in injured and osteoarthritic human knees. Tissue Eng. 12 7: 1787-98. doi:10.1089/ten.2006.12.1787. PMID 16889509. ^ Repairing knee joints by growing new cartilage using an injectable hydrogel ^ Poolsup N, Suthisisang C, Channark P, Kittikulsuth W 2005. Glucosamine long-term treatment and the progression of knee osteoarthritis: systematic review of randomized controlled trials. The Annals of pharmacotherapy 39 6: 1080-7. doi:10.1345/aph.1E576. PMID 15855241. ^ McAlindon T, Formica M, LaValley M, Lehmer M, Kabbara K. Effectiveness of glucosamine for symptoms of knee osteoarthritis: Results from an internet-based randomized double-blind controlled trial. Am J Med 2004; 117:643-9. PMID 15501201. ^ Vlad SC, Lavalley MP, McAlindon TE, Felson DT 2007. Glucosamine for pain in osteoarthritis: Why do trial results differ?. Arthritis Rheumatism 56 7: 2267-2277. doi:10.1002/art.22728. PMID 17599746. ^ Reichenbach S, Sterchi R, Scherer M, et al 2007. Meta-analysis: chondroitin for osteoarthritis of the knee or hip. Ann. Intern. Med. 146 8: 580-90. PMID 17438317. ^ Brien S, Lewith G, Walker A 2004. Bromelain as a Treatment for Osteoarthritis: a Review of Clinical Studies. Evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine: eCAM. 1 3: 251-257. doi:10.1093/ecam/neh035. PMID 15841258. ^ McAlindon TE, Jacques P, Zhang Y, et al 1996. Do antioxidant micronutrients protect against the development and progression of knee osteoarthritis?. Arthritis Rheum. 39 4: 648-56. PMID 8630116. ^ Altman RD, Marcussen KC 2001. Effects of a ginger extract on knee pain in patients with osteoarthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 44 11: 2531-8. PMID 11710709. ^ UNC News release -- Study links low selenium levels with higher risk of osteoarthritis. Retrieved on 2007-06-22. ^ Flynn MA, Irvin W, Krause G 1994. The effect of folate and cobalamin on osteoarthritic hands. J Am Coll Nutr 13 4: 351-6. PMID 7963140. ^ Arabelovic S, McAlindon TE 2005. Considerations in the treatment of early osteoarthritis. Curr Rheumatol Rep 7 1: 29-35. PMID 15760578. ^ Bobacz K, Gruber R, Soleiman A, Erlacher L, Smolen JS, Graninger WB 2003. Expression of bone morphogenetic protein 6 in healthy and osteoarthritic human articular chondrocytes and stimulation of matrix synthesis in vitro. Arthritis Rheum. 48 9: 2501-8. doi:10.1002/art.11248. PMID 13130469. ^ Wilhelmi G. Z Rheumatol. 1993 May-Jun; 523:174-9. Vasishta VG et al, Rotational Field Magnetic Resonance RFQMR in treatment of osteoarthritis of the knee joint, Indian Journal of Aerospace Medicine, 48 2, 2004; 1-7. ^ Christensen R, Astrup A, Bliddal H 2005. Weight loss: the treatment of choice for knee osteoarthritis? A randomized trial. Osteoarthr. Cartil. 13 1: 20-7. doi:10.1016/j.joca.2004.10.008. PMID 15639633. ^ De Filippis L, Gulli S, Caliri A, et al 2004. Epidemiology and risk factors in osteoarthritis: literature review data from OASIS study in Italian. Reumatismo 56 3: 169-84. PMID 15470523. ^ Bradley JD, Brandt KD, Katz BP, Kalasinski LA, Ryan SI 1991. Comparison of an antiinflammatory dose of ibuprofen, an analgesic dose of ibuprofen, and paracetamol in the treatment of patients with osteoarthritis of the knee. N. Engl. J. Med. 325 2: 87-91. PMID 2052056. ^ Watkins PB, Kaplowitz N, Slattery JT, et al 2006. Aminotransferase elevations in healthy adults receiving 4 grams of acetaminophen daily: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 296 1: 87-93. doi:10.1001/jama.296.1.87. PMID 16820551. ^ Hambley K. Articular cartilage repair treatment of the kneewww.cartilagehealth.com/acr.html ^ Manheimer E, Linde K, Lao L, Bouter LM, Berman BM 2007. Meta-analysis: acupuncture for osteoarthritis of the knee. Ann. Intern. Med. 146 12: 868-77. doi:10.1001/archinte.146.5.868. PMID 17577006. ^ Osteopathy:arthritis Fact Sheet ^ Clinical Effects of Resistance Training on Knee Osteoarthritis See also Articular cartilage repair Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation Back pain Chronic pain Osteoimmunology Prolotherapy Partial knee replacement Arthritis Care External links American College of Rheumatology Factsheet on OA Osteoarthritis The Arthritis Foundation Arthritis Care major UK charity WebMDHealth: Osteoarthritis Basics at WebMD MedlinePlus: Osteoarthritis at National Institutes of Health Osteoarthritis Clinical Trials Resource at oatrial.com Overview at University of Maryland Focuses on living with arthritis with links to support groups in 16 different countries at paremanifesto.org BBC Coverage of Autologous Chondrocyte graft in UK UK Health Charity covers Autologous Chondrocyte grafts Treatment Information for Arthritis Sufferers v d e Diseases of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissue M, 710-739 Arthropathies Arthritis Septic arthritis - Reactive arthritis - Rheumatoid arthritis - Psoriatic arthritis - Felty syndrome - Juvenile idiopathic arthritis - Still's disease - crystal Gout, Chondrocalcinosis - Osteoarthritis Heberden's node, Bouchard's nodes - Monoarthritis/Polyarthritis Specific joints shoulder Winged scapula, Adhesive capsulitis, Rotator cuff tear, Subacromial bursitis - elbow Cubitus valgus, Cubitus varus - hand Wrist drop, Boutonniere deformity, Swan neck deformity hip Protrusio acetabuli, Coxa valga, Coxa vara - leg Unequal leg length - patella Luxating patella, Chondromalacia patellae - foot Bunion/hallux valgus, Hallux varus, Hallux rigidus, Hammer toe, Foot drop, Flat feet, Club foot general terms Valgus deformity, Varus deformity Synovium and tendon Synovitis/Tenosynovitis Calcific tendinitis, Stenosing tenosynovitis, Trigger finger, DeQuervain's syndrome - Irritable hip - Ganglion cyst Bursa Bursitis Olecranon, Prepatellar, Trochanteric, Subacromial - Baker's cyst Other Hemarthrosis - Arthralgia - Osteophyte - Hypermobility Dorsopathies spinal curvature Kyphosis, Lordosis, Scoliosis - Scheuermann's disease - Spondylolysis - Torticollis - Spondylolisthesis Spondylopathies Ankylosing spondylitis, Spondylosis, Spinal stenosis - Schmorl's nodes - Degenerative disc disease - Coccydynia - Back pain Radiculopathy, Neck pain, Sciatica, Low back pain see also congenital Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Osteoarthritis Categories: Arthritis | General practiceHidden categories: All articles with statements | Articles with statements since February 2007 | Articles with statements since July 2008 | Articles with statements since April 2008 | Articles with statements since August 2007 | Articles with statements Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages العربية БългарÑ?ки Català Česky Deutsch Español Esperanto Français Italiano עברית Lietuvių Nederlands ‪Norsk bokmÃ¥l‬ Polski Português РуÑ?Ñ?кий Svenska This page was last modified on 13 September 2008, at 18:1
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