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14-September-2008 18:02:48 - Pancreas Pancreas 1: Head of pancreas 2: Uncinate process of pancreas 3: Pancreatic notch 4: Body of pancreas 5: Anterior surface of pancreas 6: Inferior surface of pancreas 7: Superior margin of pancreas 8: Anterior margin of pancreas 9: Inferior margin of pancreas 10: Omental tuber 11: Tail of pancreas 12: Duodenum Gray's subject #251 1199 Artery inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery, superior pancreaticoduodenal artery, splenic artery Vein pancreaticoduodenal veins, pancreatic veins Nerve pancreatic plexus, celiac ganglia, vagus1 Precursor pancreatic buds MeSH Pancreas Dorlands/Elsevier p_02/ The pancreas is a gland organ in the digestive and endocrine system of vertebrates. It is both exocrine secreting pancreatic juice containing digestive enzymes and endocrine producing several important hormones, including insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin. It also produces digestive enzymes that pass into the small intestine. These enzymes help in the further breakdown of the carbohydrates, protein, and fat in the chyme. Contents 1 Histology 2 Function 2.1 Endocrine 2.2 Exocrine 2.3 Regulation 3 Diseases of the pancreas 4 History 5 Embryological development 6 Additional images 7 References Histology Under a microscope, stained sections of the pancreas reveal two different types of parenchymal tissue.2 Lightly staining clusters of cells are called islets of Langerhans, which produce hormones that underlie the endocrine functions of the pancreas. Darker staining cells form acini connected to ducts. Acinar cells belong to the exocrine pancreas and secrete digestive enzymes into the gut via a system of ducts. Structure Appearance Function Islets of Langerhans Lightly staining, large, spherical clusters Hormone production and secretion endocrine pancreas Pancreatic acini Darker staining, small, berry-like clusters Digestive enzyme production and secretion exocrine pancreas Function The pancreas is a dual-function gland, having features of both endocrine and exocrine glands. Endocrine Main article: Endocrine pancreas The part of the pancreas with endocrine function is made up of a million3 cell clusters called islets of Langerhans. There are four main cell types in the islets. They are relatively difficult to distinguish using standard staining techniques, but they can be classified by their secretion: α cells secrete glucagon, β cells secrete insulin, δ cells secrete somatostatin, and PP cells secrete pancreatic polypeptide.4 The islets are a compact collection of endocrine cells arranged in clusters and cords and are crisscrossed by a dense network of capillaries. The capillaries of the islets are lined by layers of endocrine cells in direct contact with vessels, and most endocrine cells are in direct contact with blood vessels, by either cytoplasmic processes or by direct apposition. According to the volume The Body, by Alan E. Nourse,5 the islets are busily manufacturing their hormone and generally disregarding the pancreatic cells all around them, as though they were located in some completely different part of the body. Exocrine Main article: Exocrine pancreas In contrast to the endocrine pancreas, which secretes hormones into the blood, the exocrine pancreas produces digestive enzymes and an alkaline fluid, and secretes them into the small intestine through a system of exocrine ducts. Digestive enzymes include trypsin, chymotrypsin, pancreatic lipase, and pancreatic amylase, and are produced and secreted by acinar cells of the exocrine pancreas. Specific cells that line the pancreatic ducts, called centroacinar cells, secrete a bicarbonate- and salt-rich solution into the small intestine.6 Regulation The pancreas receives regulatory innervation via hormones in the blood and through the autonomic nervous system. These two inputs regulate the secretory activity of the pancreas. Sympathetic adrenergic Parasympathetic muscarinic α2: decreases secretion from beta cells, increases secretion from alpha cells M37 increases stimulation from alpha cells and beta cell Diseases of the pancreas Main article: Pancreatic disease Because the pancreas is a storage depot for digestive enzymes, injury to the pancreas is potentially very dangerous. A puncture of the pancreas generally requires prompt and experienced medical intervention. History The pancreas was first identified by Herophilus 335-280 BC, a Greek anatomist and surgeon. Only a few hundred years later, Ruphos, another Greek anatomist, gave the pancreas its name. The term pancreas is derived from the Greek pan, all, and kreas, flesh, probably referring to the organ's homogeneous appearance.8 Embryological development Schematic illustrating the development of the pancreas from a dorsal and a ventral bud. During maturation the ventral bud flips to the other side of the gut tube arrow where it typically fuses with the dorsal lobe. An additional ventral lobe which usually regress during development is omitted. Schematic illustrating the development of the pancreas from a dorsal and a ventral bud. During maturation the ventral bud flips to the other side of the gut tube arrow where it typically fuses with the dorsal lobe. An additional ventral lobe which usually regress during development is omitted. The pancreas forms from the embryonic foregut and is therefore of endodermal origin. Pancreatic development begins the formation of a ventral and dorsal anlage or buds. Each structure communicates with the foregut through a duct. Differential rotation and fusion of the ventral and dorsal pancreatic buds results in the formation of the definitive pancreas.9 As the duodenum rotates to the right, it carries with it the ventral pancreatic bud and common bile duct. Upon reaching its final destination, the ventral pancreatic bud fuses with the much larger dorsal pancreatic bud. At this point of fusion, the main ducts of the ventral and dorsal pancreatic buds fuse, forming the duct of Wirsung, the main pancreatic duct. Differentiation of cells of the pancreas proceeds through two different pathways, corresponding to the dual endocrine and exocrine functions of the pancreas. In progenitor cells of the exocrine pancreas, important molecules that induce differentiation include follistatin, fibroblast growth factors, and activation of the Notch receptor system.9 Development of the exocrine acini progresses through three successive stages. These include the predifferentiated, protodifferentiated, and differentiated stages, which correspond to undetectable, low, and high levels of digestive enzyme activity, respectively. Progenitor cells of the endocrine pancreas arise from cells of the protodifferentiated stage of the exocrine pancreas.9 Under the influence of neurogenin-3 and Isl-1, but in the absence of Notch receptor signaling, these cells differentiate to form two lines of committed endocrine precursor cells. The first line, under the direction of Pax-6, forms α- and γ- cells, which produce the peptides glucagon and pancreatic polypeptide, respectively. The second line, influenced by Pax-4, produces β- and δ-cells, which secrete insulin and somatostatin, respectively. Insulin and glucagon can be detected in the fetal circulation by the fourth or fifth month of fetal development.9 Additional images Accessory digestive system. Digestive organs. The celiac artery and its branches; the stomach has been raised and the peritoneum removed. Lymphatics of stomach, etc. The stomach has been turned upward. Transverse section through the middle of the first lumbar vertebra, showing the relations of the pancreas. The duodenum and pancreas. The pancreatic duct. Pancreas of a human embryo of five weeks. Pancreas of a human embryo at end of sixth week. Front of abdomen, showing surface markings for duodenum, pancreas, and kidneys. References ^ Physiology at MCG 6/6ch2/s6ch2_30 ^ Histology at BU 10404loa ^ Hellman B, Gylfe E, Grapengiesser E, Dansk H, Salehi A 2007. Insulin oscillations--clinically important rhythm. Antidiabetics should increase the pulsative component of the insulin release in Swedish. Lakartidningen 104 32-33: 2236-9. PMID 17822201. ^ BRS physiology 4th ion ,page 255-256, Linda S. Constanzo, Lippincott publishing ^ The Body, by Alan E. Nourse, in the Time-Life Science Library Series op. cit., p. 171. ^ Maton, Anthea; Jean Hopkins, Charles William McLaughlin, Susan Johnson, Maryanna Quon Warner, David LaHart, Jill D. Wright 1993. Human Biology and Health. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, USA: Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-981176-1. ^ Verspohl EJ, Tacke R, Mutschler E, Lambrecht G 1990. Muscarinic receptor subtypes in rat pancreatic islets: binding and functional studies. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 178 3: 303-11. doi:10.1016/0014-29999090109-J. PMID 2187704. ^ Harper, Douglas. Pancreas. Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved on 2007-04-04. ^ a b c d Carlson, Bruce M. 2004. Human embryology and developmental biology. St. Louis: Mosby, pp372-4. ISBN 0-323-01487-9. v d e Anatomy of torso, digestive system: accessory digestive glands Liver by region: Left lobe Caudate lobe, Quadrate lobe Right lobe Transverse fissure of liver by function: Fibrous capsule of Glisson Hepatocyte Space of Disse Space of Mall Kupffer cell Liver sinusoid Ito cell Hepatic lobule Biliary tract Bile ducts intrahepatic: Bile canaliculus Canals of Hering Interlobular bile ducts Intrahepatic bile ducts Left and Right hepatic ducts extrahepatic: Common hepatic duct Cystic duct Common bile duct Gallbladder by region: Body Fundus Neck Pancreas by region: Tail Body Head Uncinate process by function: Islets of Langerhans Exocrine pancreas ducts: Pancreatic duct Accessory pancreatic duct Common Hepatopancreatic ampulla Sphincter of Oddi v d e Endocrine system Pancreas - Islets of Langerhans A/B alpha cell glucagon beta cell insulin Other delta cell somatostatin PP cell pancreatic polypeptide epsilon cell ghrelin Pancreas entry in Britannica Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Pancreas Categories: Abdomen | Digestive system | Endocrine system | Diabetes Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages Afrikaans العربية বাংলা Bosanski БългарÑ?ки Català Česky Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara Ù?ارسی Français Galego í•œêµì–´ Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Ã?slenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Kurdî / كوردی Latina Lietuvių Magyar МакедонÑ?ки Nederlands 日本語 ‪Norsk bokmÃ¥l‬ ‪Norsk nynorsk‬ Polski Português Română Runa Simi РуÑ?Ñ?кий Shqip Sicilianu Simple English SlovenÄ?ina SlovenÅ¡Ä?ina Soomaaliga СрпÑ?ки / Srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழà¯? తెలà±?à°—à±? Tiếng Việt Türkçe УкраїнÑ?ька ייִדיש ä¸æ–‡ This page was last modified on 13 September 2008, at 17:39
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