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14-September-2008 18:02:48 - Pathology For other uses, see Pathology disambiguation. A renal cell carcinoma chromophobe type viewed on a hematoxylin eosin stained slide A renal cell carcinoma chromophobe type viewed on a hematoxylin eosin stained slide Bacteriology: Agar plate with bacterial colonies. Bacteriology: Agar plate with bacterial colonies. This mastectomy specimen contains an infiltrating ductal carcinoma of the breast. A pathologist will use immunohistochemistry and fluorescent in-situ hybridization to detect markers which determine the optimal chemotherapy regimen for this patient. This mastectomy specimen contains an infiltrating ductal carcinoma of the breast. A pathologist will use immunohistochemistry and fluorescent in-situ hybridization to detect markers which determine the optimal chemotherapy regimen for this patient. Pathology is the study and diagnosis of disease through examination of organs, tissues, bodily fluids and whole bodies Autopsy. The term also encompasses the related scientific study of disease processes, called General pathology. Medical pathology is divided in two main branches, Anatomical pathology and Clinical pathology. Veterinary pathology is concerned with animal disease whereas Phytopathology is the study of plant diseases. Contents 1 History of pathology 2 General pathology 3 Pathology as a medical specialty 3.1 Anatomical pathology 3.2 Clinical pathology 4 Forensic Pathology 5 Veterinary pathology 6 Plant pathology 7 See also 8 External links History of pathology Main article: History of pathology The history of pathology can be traced to the earliest application of the scientific method to the field of medicine, a development which occurred in the Middle East during the Islamic Golden Age and in Western Europe during the Italian Renaissance. The first physician known to have made postmortem dissections was the Arabian physician Avenzoar 1091-1161. Rudolf Virchow 1821-1902 is generally recognized to be the father of microscopic pathology. Most early pathologists were also practicing physicians or surgeons. General pathology Main article: General pathology General pathology, also called investigative pathology, experimental pathology or theoretical pathology, is a broad and complex scientific field which seeks to understand the mechanisms of injury to cells and tissues, as well as the body's means of responding to and repairing injury. Areas of study include cellular adaptation to injury, necrosis, inflammation, wound healing and neoplasia. It forms the foundation of pathology, the application of this knowledge to diagnose diseases in humans and animals. The term general pathology is also used to describe the practice of both anatomical and clinical pathology. Pathology as a medical specialty Main article: Pathology as a medical specialty Pathologists are physicians who diagnose and characterize disease in living patients by examining biopsies or bodily fluid. The vast majority of cancer diagnoses are made or confirmed by a pathologist. Pathologists may also conduct autopsies to investigate causes of death. Pathology is a core discipline of medical school and many pathologists are also teachers. As managers of medical laboratories, pathologists play an important role in the development of Laboratory information systems. Although the medical practice of pathology grew out the tradition of investigative pathology, most modern pathologists do not perform original research. Pathology is a unique medical specialty in that pathologists typically do not see patients directly, but rather serve as consultants to other physicians often referred to as clinicians within the pathology community. To be licensed, candidates must complete medical training, an approved residency program and be certified by an appropriate body. In the US, certification is by the American Board of Pathology. The organization of subspecialties within pathology vary between nations but usually include anatomical pathology and clinical pathology. Anatomical pathology Main article: Anatomical pathology Anatomical pathology Commonwealth or Anatomic pathology U.S. is a medical specialty that is concerned with the diagnosis of disease based on the gross, microscopic, and molecular examination of organs, tissues, and whole bodies autopsy. The anatomical pathologist reports to doctors; he/she does not usually see patients. Anatomical pathology is itself divided in subspecialties, the main ones being surgical pathology, cytopathology and forensic pathology. To be licensed to practice anatomical pathology, one has to complete medical school, an approved residency program and be certified. In the U.S., the American board of Pathology certifies pathologists. Anatomical pathology is one of two branches of pathology, the other being clinical pathology, the diagnosis of disease through the laboratory analysis of bodily fluids. Often, pathologists practice both anatomical and clinical pathology, a combination known as general pathology. Similar specialties exist in veterinary pathology. Clinical pathology Main article: Clinical pathology Clinical pathology is a medical specialty that is concerned with the diagnosis of disease based on the laboratory analysis of bodily fluids such as blood and urine, using the tools of chemistry, microbiology, hematology and molecular pathology. Clinical pathologist work in close collaboration with medical technologists. Clinical pathology is itself divided in subspecialties, the main ones being clinical chemistry, clinical hematology/blood banking and clinical microbiology. Clinical pathology is one of the two major divisions of pathology, the other being anatomical pathology. Often, pathologists practice both anatomical and clinical pathology, a combination known as general pathology. Similar specialties exist in veterinary pathology. Forensic Pathology Main article: Forensic pathology Forensic pathology is a branch of Pathology concerned with determining the cause of death by examination of a cadaver. The autopsy is performed by the pathologist at the request of a coroner or a medical examiner, usually during the investigation of criminal law cases and civil law cases in some jurisdictions. Forensic pathologists are also frequently asked to confirm the identity of a cadaver. Veterinary pathology Main article: Veterinary pathology Veterinary pathologists are doctors of veterinary medicine who specialise in the diagnosis of diseases through the examination of animal tissue and body fluids. Like for medical pathology, veterinary pathology is divided in two branches, anatomical pathology and clinical pathology. Veterinary pathologists are critical participants in the drug development process. See also veterinary pathologist in .org. Plant pathology Main article: Phytopathology Plant pathology also called phytopathology is the scientific study of plant diseases caused by pathogens infectious diseases and environmental conditions physiological factors. Organisms that cause infectious disease include fungi, oomycetes, bacteria, viruses, viroids, virus-like organisms, phytoplasmas, protozoa, nematodes and parasitic plants. Not included are insects, mites, vertebrate or other pests that affect plant health by consumption of plant tissues. Plant pathology also involves the study of the identification, etiology, disease cycle, economic impact, epidemiology, how plant diseases affect humans and animals, pathosystem genetics and management of plant diseases. See also Molecular pathology Medical laboratory Important publications in pathology External links Association of Clinical Biochemistry UK American Society for Investigative Pathology American Society of Cytopathology British Neuropathological Society Case Records of the Massachusetts General Hospital - Clinicopathological Conference College of American Pathologists Flickr group: Pathology and Lab Medicine: numerous photos illustrating the work of pathologists. HistoPathology Atlas humpath.com Atlas in Human Pathology Immunohistochemistry protocols and troubleshooting Mybiopsy.org Neuropathology blog Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland Royal College of Pathologists UK Royal College of Pathologists of Australasia Australia Oceania Sullivan Nicolaides Pathology - Leading Australian Pathology Laboratory. United States and Canadian Academy of Pathology WebPath: The Internet Pathology Laboratory for Medical Education Pathtalk.org - A community weblog about pathology-related topics. What is a Pathologist? - a perspective from UK pathologist Fraser Charlton. Pathologypics - an interactive community-driven histology atlas v d e Pathology Principles of pathology Disease - Infection - Ischemia - Inflammation - Wound healing - Neoplasia - Hemodynamics Cell death: Necrosis Liquefactive necrosis, Coagulative necrosis, Caseous necrosis - Apoptosis - Pyknosis - Karyorrhexis - Karyolysis Cellular adaptation: Atrophy - Hypertrophy - Hyperplasia - Dysplasia - Metaplasia Squamous, Glandular accumulations: pigment Hemosiderin, Lipochrome/Lipofuscin, Melanin - Steatosis Anatomical pathology Surgical pathology - Cytopathology - Autopsy - Molecular pathology - Forensic pathology - Dental pathology Gross examination - Histopathology - Immunohistochemistry - Electron microscopy - Immunofluorescence - Fluorescent in situ hybridization Clinical pathology Clinical chemistry - Hematopathology - Transfusion medicine - Medical microbiology - Diagnostic immunology - Immunopathology Enzyme assay - Mass spectrometry - Chromatography - Flow cytometry - Blood bank - Microbiological culture - Serology v d e Health science Medicine Specialties and subspecialties Surgery Anesthesiology · Cardiac surgery · Cardiothoracic surgery · General surgery · Neurosurgery · Oral and maxillofacial surgery · Orthopedic surgery Hand surgery · Otolaryngology ENT · Pediatric surgery · Plastic surgery · Surgical oncology · Thoracic surgery · Transplant surgery · Trauma surgery · Urology · Vascular surgery Internal medicine Cardiology · Endocrinology · Gastroenterology · Geriatrics · Hematology · Hepatology · Infectious diseases · Intensive care medicine · Nephrology · Oncology · Proctology · Pulmonology · Rheumatology Diagnostic Clinical laboratory sciences Cellular pathology, Clinical chemistry, Hematology, Clinical microbiology, Clinical immunology, Transfusion medicine · Radiology Interventional radiology, Nuclear Medicine · Pathology Anatomical, Clinical · Clinical neurophysiology Other specialties Allergy and immunology · Dermatology · Disaster medicine · Emergency medicine · General practice · Neurology · Obstetrics and gynaecology Fertility medicine · Andrology · Reproductive medicine · Occupational medicine · Ophthalmology · Palliative care · Pediatrics · Physical medicine and rehabilitation Physiatry · Preventive medicine Public health · Psychiatry · Sleep medicine Other Epidemiology · History of medicine · Hospital medicine · Medical education · Medical genetics · Medical school · Osteopathic medicine · Pharmacy · Physician MD and DO · Physician Assistant · Sports medicine · Medical fiction v d e Major subfields of biology Anatomy · Astrobiology · Biochemistry · Bioinformatics · Biostatistics · Botany · Cell biology · Chronobiology · Developmental biology · Ecology · Epidemiology · Evolutionary biology · Genetics · Genomics · Human biology · Immunology · Marine biology · Microbiology · Molecular biology · Neuroscience · Nutrition · Origin of life · Paleontology · Parasitology · Pathology · Physiology · Systems biology · Taxonomy · Zoology Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Pathology Categories: Pathology | Medical specialties | Biology | Subjects taught in medical school Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages العربية Asturianu Brezhoneg БългарÑ?ки Català Česky Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Français í•œêµì–´ Õ€Õ¡ÕµÕ¥Ö€Õ¥Õ¶ Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Ã?slenska Italiano עברית Magyar МакедонÑ?ки Bahasa Melayu Myanmasa Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 ‪Norsk bokmÃ¥l‬ ‪Norsk nynorsk‬ Português РуÑ?Ñ?кий Shqip Sicilianu SlovenÄ?ina SlovenÅ¡Ä?ina СрпÑ?ки / Srpski Srpskohrvatski / СрпÑ?кохрватÑ?ки Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska తెలà±?à°—à±? ไทย Türkçe УкраїнÑ?ька اردو ä¸æ–‡ This page was last modified on 12 September 2008, at 18:13
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