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14-September-2008 18:02:48 - gland Redirected from Pituitary This article or section includes a list of references or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. You can improve this article by introducing more precise citations where appropriate. June 2008 Pituitary gland Located at the base of the brain, the pituitary gland is protected by a bony structure called the sella turcicaalso known as turkish saddleof the sphenoid bone. Median sagittal through the hypophysis of an adult monkey. Semidiagrammatic. Latin hypophysis, glandula pituitaria Gray's subject #275 1275 Artery superior hypophyseal artery, infundibular artery, prechiasmal artery, inferior hypophyseal artery, capsular artery, artery of the inferior cavernous sinus1 Precursor neural and oral ectoderm, including Rathke's pouch MeSH Pituitary+Gland Dorlands/Elsevier h_22/12439692 Look up pituitary gland, hypophysis in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. The pituitary gland, or hypophysis, is an endocrine gland about the size of a pea. It is a protrusion off the bottom of the hypothalamus at the base of the brain, and rests in a small, bony cavity sella turcica covered by a dural fold diaphragma sellae. The pituitary fossa, in which the pituitary gland sits, is situated in the sphenoid bone in the middle cranial fossa at the base of the brain. The pituitary gland secretes hormones regulating homeostasis, including tropic hormones that stimulate other endocrine glands. It is functionally connected to the hypothalamus by the median eminence. Contents 1 Sections 1.1 Anterior pituitary Adenohypophysis 1.2 Posterior pituitary Neurohypophysis 1.3 Intermediate lobe 2 Functions 3 Pathology 4 Additional images 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Sections Located at the base of the brain, the pituitary is functionally linked to the hypothalamus. It is composed of two lobes: the adenohypophysis and neurohypophysis. The adenohypophysis, also referred to as the anterior pituitary is divided into anatomical regions known as the pars tuberalis, pars intermedia, and pars distalis. The neurohypophysis, also referred to as the posterior pituitary. The pituitary is functionally linked to the hypothalamus by the pituitary stalk, whereby hypothalamic releasing factors are released and in turn stimulate the release of pituitary hormones. Anterior pituitary Adenohypophysis Main article: Anterior pituitary The anterior pituitary synthesizes and secretes important endocrine hormones, such as ACTH, TSH, PRL, GH, endorphins, FSH, and LH. These hormones are released from the anterior pituitary under the influence of hypothalamus. Hypothalamic hormones are secreted to the anterior lobe by way of a special capillary system, called the hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system. Posterior pituitary Neurohypophysis Main article: Posterior pituitary The hormones secreted by the posterior pituitary are Oxytocin, where the majority is released from the paraventricular nucleus in the hypothalamus Antidiuretic hormone ADH, also known as vasopressin and AVP, arginine vasopressin, the majority of which is released from the supraoptic nucleus in the hypothalamus Oxytocin is one of the few hormones to create a positive feedback loop. For example, uterine contractions stimulate the release of oxytocin from the posterior pituitary, which in turn increases uterine contractions. This positive feedback loop continues until the baby is born. Intermediate lobe There is also an intermediate lobe in many animals. For instance in fish it is believed to control physiological colour change. In adult humans it is just a thin layer of cells between the anterior and posterior pituitary. The intermediate lobe produces melanocyte-stimulating hormone MSH, although this function is often imprecisely attributed to the anterior pituitary. Functions The pituitary hormones help control some of the following body processes: Growth Blood pressure Some aspects of pregnancy and childbirth including stimulation of uterine contractions during childbirth Breast milk production Sex organ functions in both women and men Thyroid gland function The conversion of food into energy metabolism Water and osmolarity regulation in the body Pathology Disorders involving the pituitary gland include: Condition Direction Hormone Acromegaly overproduction growth hormone Growth hormone deficiency underproduction growth hormone Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone overproduction vasopressin Diabetes insipidus underproduction vasopressin Sheehan syndrome underproduction any pituitary hormone Pituitary adenoma overproduction any pituitary hormone Hypopituitarism underproduction any pituitary hormone Additional images Location of the pituitary gland in the human brain Pituitary and pineal glands The arteries of the base of the brain. Mesal aspect of a brain sectioned in the median sagittal plane. Sagittal section of nose mouth, pharynx, and larynx. See also Head and neck anatomy References ^ Gibo H, Hokama M, Kyoshima K, Kobayashi S 1993. Arteries to the pituitary. Nippon Rinsho 51 10: 2550-4. PMID 8254920. External links NeuroNames hier-382 Histology at BU 14201loa The Pituitary Gland, from the UMM Endocrinology Health Guide Oklamoma State, Endocrine System Pituitary apoplexy mimicking pituitary abscess 1 v d e Endocrine system Pituitary gland Posterior pituitary Pars nervosa - Median eminence - Infundibular stalk Anterior pituitary Pars intermedia - Pars tuberalis - Pars distalis - Acidophils Somatotropes, Lactotropes - Basophils Corticotropes, Gonadotropes, Thyrotropes v d e Human anatomy, endocrine system: endocrine glands Hypothalamic/ pituitary axes Thyroid axis Thyroid gland Parafollicular cell, Thyroid epithelial cell, Thyroid isthmus, Lobes of thyroid gland, Pyramid of thyroid Parathyroid gland Oxyphil cell, Chief cell Adrenal axis Adrenal gland Gonadal axis Testes - Ovaries - Corpus luteum Pineal gland Pinealocyte Islets of pancreas Alpha cell - Beta cell - Delta cell - PP cell - Epsilon cell v d e Brain: diencephalon Epithalamus Pineal body Habenula Habenular nuclei Stria medullaris Habenular trigone Habenular commissure Thalamus/nuclei paired: AN Ventral VA/VL, VP/VPM/VPL Lateral Pulvinar Metathalamus MG, LG midline: MD Intralaminar Centromedian Midline nuclear group Interthalamic adhesion Medullary laminae surface: reticular tracts to thalamus: Mammillothalamic tract Thalamic fasciculus Lenticular fasciculus Ansa lenticularis Medial lemniscus Trigeminal lemniscus Spinothalamic tract Lateral lemniscus Hypothalamus autonomic zones: Anterior parasympathetic/heat loss Posterior sympathetic/heat conservation endocrine - posterior pituitary: magnocellular/Paraventricular/Supraoptic oxytocin/vasopressin endocrine - other: parvocellular/Arcuate dopamine/GHRH Preoptic GnRH Suprachiasmatic melatonin emotion: Lateral hunger Ventromedial satiety Dorsomedial rage surface: Median eminence/Tuber cinereum Mammillary body Infundibulum tracts: Medial forebrain bundle Pituitary: Posterior is diencephalon, but anterior is glandular Subthalamus Subthalamic nucleus Zona incerta Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Pituitary_gland Categories: Glands | Endocrine system | Head and neck | NeuroendocrinologyHidden category: Articles lacking in-text citations Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages Afrikaans العربية বাংলা Bosanski БългарÑ?ки Català Česky Dansk Deutsch Þ‹Þ¨ÞˆÞ¬Þ€Þ¨Þ„Þ¦Þ?Þ° Eesti Español Esperanto Français Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Ã?slenska Italiano עברית Latina Lietuvių Magyar МакедонÑ?ки Nederlands 日本語 ‪Norsk bokmÃ¥l‬ Polski Português РуÑ?Ñ?кий Shqip Simple English SlovenÄ?ina SlovenÅ¡Ä?ina СрпÑ?ки / Srpski Srpskohrvatski / СрпÑ?кохрватÑ?ки Suomi Svenska తెలà±?à°—à±? ไทย Türkçe УкраїнÑ?ька ä¸æ–‡ This page was last modified on 8 September 2008, at 18:40
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