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14-September-2008 18:02:48 - Posterior pituitary Posterior pituitary Pituitary gland. Posterior pituitary is in blue. Pars nervosa and infundibular stalk are not labeled, but pars nervosa is at bottom and infundibular stalk is at top. Median sagittal through the hypophysis of an adult monkey. Posterior lobe labeled at bottom right. Gray's subject #275 1275 Artery inferior hypophyseal artery Vein hypophyseal vein Precursor Neural tube downward-growth of the diencephalon1 MeSH Pituitary+Gland,+Posterior Dorlands/Elsevier n_07/12569241 The posterior pituitary or neurohypophysis comprises the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland and is part of the endocrine system. Contents 1 Anatomy 2 Major hormones secreted 3 Role in disease 4 References 5 Additional images 6 See also Anatomy The Posterior Pituitary Gland consists mainly of neuronal projections axons extending from the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus that secrete peptide hormones into the capillaries of the hypophyseal circulation. The neurohypophysis also contains a specialised type of astrocytic glial cell - pituicytes. Despite its name, the posterior pituitary gland is not a gland, per se; rather, it is largely a collection of axonal projections from the hypothalamus that terminate behind the anterior pituitary gland. Classification of the posterior pituitary varies, but most sources include the three regions below: Region Description pars nervosa, or neural lobe, or posterior lobe2 This region consistutes the majority of the posterior pituitary, and is sometimes incorrectly considered synonymous with it. Notable features include Herring bodies and pituicytes. 3 infundibular stalk Also known as the infundibulum or pituitary stalk. The term hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract is a near-synonym, describing the connection rather than the structure. median eminence This is only occasionally included as part of the posterior pituitary.4 Other sources specifically exclude it from the pituitary.5 A few sources include the pars intermedia as part of the posterior lobe, but this is a minority view. It is based upon the gross anatomical separation of the posterior and anterior pituitary along the cystic remnants of Rathke's pouch, causing the pars intermedia to remain attached to the neurohypophysis. Major hormones secreted Hormones known classically as posterior pituitary hormones are synthesized by the hypothalamus. They are then stored and secreted by the posterior pituitary into the bloodstream. Hormone Other names Symbols Target Effect Source Oxytocin - - Uterus, mammary glands Uterine contractions; lactation supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei Vasopressin Arginine vasopressin, argipressin, antidiuretic hormone AVP, ADH Kidneys or Arterioles Stimulates water retention; raises blood pressure by contracting arterioles, induces male aggression supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei Role in disease Insufficient secretion of vasopressin is central to diabetes insipidus, in which the body loses the capacity to concentrate urine. Affected individuals excrete as much as 20 L of dilute urine per day. Oversecretion of vasopressin causes the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone. References ^ Embryology at unc.edu ^ l_13/12501193 at Dorland's Medical Dictionary ^ Histology at BU 14004loa ^ n_07/12569241 at Dorland's Medical Dictionary ^ MeSH Median+eminence Additional images The posterior pituitary comprises the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland. Hypothalamic nuclei See also anterior pituitary v d e Endocrine system Pituitary gland Posterior pituitary Pars nervosa - Median eminence - Infundibular stalk Anterior pituitary Pars intermedia - Pars tuberalis - Pars distalis - Acidophils Somatotropes, Lactotropes - Basophils Corticotropes, Gonadotropes, Thyrotropes v d e Brain: diencephalon Epithalamus Pineal body Habenula Habenular nuclei Stria medullaris Habenular trigone Habenular commissure Thalamus/nuclei paired: AN Ventral VA/VL, VP/VPM/VPL Lateral Pulvinar Metathalamus MG, LG midline: MD Intralaminar Centromedian Midline nuclear group Interthalamic adhesion Medullary laminae surface: reticular tracts to thalamus: Mammillothalamic tract Thalamic fasciculus Lenticular fasciculus Ansa lenticularis Medial lemniscus Trigeminal lemniscus Spinothalamic tract Lateral lemniscus Hypothalamus autonomic zones: Anterior parasympathetic/heat loss Posterior sympathetic/heat conservation endocrine - posterior pituitary: magnocellular/Paraventricular/Supraoptic oxytocin/vasopressin endocrine - other: parvocellular/Arcuate dopamine/GHRH Preoptic GnRH Suprachiasmatic melatonin emotion: Lateral hunger Ventromedial satiety Dorsomedial rage surface: Median eminence/Tuber cinereum Mammillary body Infundibulum tracts: Medial forebrain bundle Pituitary: Posterior is diencephalon, but anterior is glandular Subthalamus Subthalamic nucleus Zona incerta Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Posterior_pituitary Categories: Endocrine system | Neuroendocrinology Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages Deutsch Español Français Shqip Suomi This page was last modified on 1 September 2008, at 21:3
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