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14-September-2008 18:02:37 - Province This article is about the subnational entity. For other uses, see Province disambiguation, Ecclesiastical province and Geologic province. A province is a territorial unit, almost always an administrative division. Contents 1 Roman provinces 2 Provinces in modern countries 3 Historical and cultural aspects 4 Geology 5 Legal aspects 6 Current provinces 6.1 Current provinces and polities translated province 7 Historical provinces 7.1 Ancient, medieval and feudal provinces 7.2 Modern post-feudal and colonial provinces 8 See also 9 External links 10 Sources and references Roman provinces Main article: Roman province The word is attested in English since c.1330, deriving from Old French province 13th c., which comes from the Roman word provincia, which referred to the sphere of activity which a magistrate was assigned to exercise his authority; hence, in particular, a foreign territory. A possible origin in Latin is from pro- on behalf of and vincere to triumph/take control over. Thus a province is a territory or function that a Roman magistrate took control of on behalf of his government. However this does not tally with the even earlier Latin usage as a generic term for a jurisdiction under Roman law. The Roman Empire was divided into provinces provinciae. Provinces in modern countries In many countries, a province is a relatively small non-constituent level of sub-national government similar to a county in many English-speaking countries. In others it is an autonomous level of government and constituent part of a federation or confederation, often with a large area similar to a US state. In France and China, province is a sub-national region within a unitary state. This means the province can be abolished or created by the central government. For instance, a province is a local unit of government in Philippines,Belgium, Spain and Italy, and a large constituent autonomous area in Canada, Congo and Argentina. In Italy and Chile a province is an administrative sub-division of a region, which is the first order administrative sub-division of the state. Italian provinces consist of several administrative sub-divisions called comune communes. In Chile they are referred to as comunas The Province of Northern Ireland is the only British territory called province today. In this case, the title province suggests separateness along the lines of Canadian usage. The title province above all reflects Northern Ireland's unique autonomy within the UK immediately after its foundation in 1921, but today Northern Ireland varies between a devolved government and direct rule. The term province may also suggest at Ulster, the northern most province of Ireland, six counties of which are Northern Ireland and are in the United Kingdom. Northern Ireland is effectively a constituent nation of the United Kingdom. Various overseas parts of the British Empire had the colonial title of Province in a more Roman sense, such as the Province of Canada and the Province of South Australia the latter to distinguish it from the penal 'colonies' elsewhere in Australia. Equally, for instance, Mozambique was a province as a Portuguese colony. Historical and cultural aspects In France, the expression en province still tends to mean outside of the region of Paris. The same expression is used in Peru, where en provincias means outside of the city of Lima and in Romania, where în provincie means outside the region of Bucharest. Prior to the French Revolution, France consisted of various governments such as Ile-de-France, built around the early Capetian royal demesne some of which were considered as provinces, although the term would be used colloquially to describes lands as small as a manor châtellenie. Mostly, the Grands Gouvernements, generally former medieval feudal principalities or agglomerates of such, were the most commonly referred to as provinces. Today, the expression is sometimes replaced with en région, as that term is now officially used for the secondary level of government. In historical terms, Fernand Braudel has depicted the European provinces-built up of numerous small regions called by the French pays or by the Swiss cantons, each with a local cultural identity and focused upon a market town-as the political unit of optimum size in pre-industrial Early Modern Europe and asks, was the province not its inhabitants' true 'fatherland'? The Perspective of the World 1984, p. 284 Even centrally organized France, an early nation-state, could collapse into autonomous provincial worlds under pressure, such as the sustained crisis of the Wars of Religion, 1562-1598. For 19th and 20th-century historians, centralized government had been taken as a symptom of modernity and political maturity in the rise of Europe. Then, in the late 20th century, as a European Union drew the nation-states closer together, centripetal forces seemed to be moving towards a more flexible system composed of more localized, provincial governing entities under the European umbrella. Spain after Franco is a State of Autonomies, formally unitary, but in fact functioning as a federation of Autonomous Communities, each one with different powers. see Politics of Spain. While Serbia, the rump of the former Yugoslavia, fought the separatists in the province of Kosovo, at the same time the UK, under the political principle of devolution established local parliaments in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland 1998. Strong local nationalisms surfaced or developed in Cornwall, Languedoc, Catalonia, Lombardy, Corsica and Flanders, and east of Europe in Abkhasia, Chechnya and Kurdistan. Geology In geology the term province refers to a specific physiogeographic area composed of a grouping of like bathymetric or former bathymetric elements now sedimentary strata above water whose features are in obvious contrast to the surrounding regions, or other provinces. The term usually refers to sections or regions of a craton recognized within a given time-stratigraphy, i.e., recognized within a major division of time within a period. Legal aspects In many federations and confederations, the province or state is not clearly subordinate to the national or central government. Rather, it is considered to be sovereign in regard to its particular set of constitutional functions. The central and provincial governmental functions, or areas of jurisdiction, are identified in a constitution. Those that are not specifically identified called residual powers. These residual powers lie at the provincial or state level in a decentralised federal system such as the United States and Australia whereas in a centralised federal system they are retained at the federal level as in Canada. Nevertheless, some of the enumerated powers can also be very significant. For example, Canadian provinces are sovereign in regard to such important matters as property, civil rights, education, social welfare and medical services. The evolution of federations has created an inevitable tug-of-war between concepts of federal supremacy versus states' rights. The historic division of responsibility in federal constitutions is inevitably subject to multiple overlaps. For example, when central governments, responsible for foreign affairs, enter into international agreements in areas where the state or province is sovereign, such as the environment or health standards, agreements made at the national level can create jurisdictional overlap and conflicting laws. This overlap creates the potential for internal disputes that lead to constitutional amendments and judicial decisions that significantly change the balance of powers. In unitary states such as France and China, provinces are subordinate to the national or central government. In theory, the central government can abolish or create provinces within its jurisdiction. Current provinces Not all second-level political entities are termed provinces. In Arab countries the secondary level of government, called a muhfazah, is usually translated as a governorate. This term is also used for the historic Russian guberniyas, compare to modern-day oblast. In Poland, the equivalent of province is województwo, often translated as voivodeship. In Peru, provinces are a tertiary unit of government, as the country is divided into twenty-five regions, which are then subdivided into 194 provinces. Chile follows a similar division being divded into 15 regions, which a then divided into a total of 53 provinces each being run by a governor appointed by the president. Historically, New Zealand was divided into provinces, each with its own Superintendent and Provincial Council, and with considerable responsibilities conferred on them. However, the colony as it then was never developed into a federation; instead, the provinces were abolished in 1876. The old provincial boundaries continue to be used to determine the application of certain public holidays. Over the years, when the central Government has created special purpose agencies at a sub-national level, these have often tended to follow or approximate the old provincial boundaries. Current examples include the 16 Regions into which New Zealand is divided, and also the 21 District Health Boards. Sometimes the term the provinces is used to refer collectively to rural and regional parts of New Zealand, that is, those parts of the country lying outside some or all of the main centres of Auckland, Wellington, Christchurch, Hamilton and Dunedin. Some provinces are as large and populous as nations. The most populous province is Henan, China, pop. 93,000,000. Also very populous are several other Chinese provinces, as well as Punjab, Pakistan, pop. 85,000,000. The largest provinces by area are Xinjiang, China 1,600,000 km² and Quebec, Canada 1,500,000 km². Current provinces and polities translated province Country local names Number of entities Provinces of Afghanistan from Arab. wilaya 34 Provinces of Algeria Arab. wilaya 48 Provinces of Argentina span. provincia 23 Provinces of Armenia marz 11 Provinces of Belarus Belarusian: vobÅ‚aść 7 Provinces of Belgium: - Provinces of the Flemish Region Dutch provincie 5 - Provinces of the Walloon Region French province 5 Provinces of Bolivia span. provincia 100 Provinces of Bulgaria bulg. oblast 28 Provinces of Canada engl.+ French province 10 Provinces of Chile span. provincia 53 Provinces of China chin. mand. çœ? sheng 22 + 1 Provinces of Costa Rica span. provincia 7 Provinces of Colombia Provinces of Cuba span. provincia 15 Provinces of the Dominican Republic span. provincia 32 Provinces of Ecuador span. provincia 22 Provinces of Equatorial Guinea span. provincia 7 Provinces of Fiji Fijian: yasana 14 Provinces of Finland finn. läänit / swed. län 6 Provinces of Gabon fran. province 9 Provinces of Greece Greek: επαÏ?χία, eparchia 73 Provinces of Indonesia Indo. provinsi or propinsi 33 Provinces of Iran Pers. ostan 30 Provinces of Ireland Irish cúige 4 Provinces of Italy ital. provincia 107 Provinces of Kazakhstan oblasy 14 Provinces of Kenya 8 Provinces of Kyrgyzstan oblasty 7 Provinces of Laos lao khoueng 16 Provinces of Madagascar faritany 6 Provinces of the Netherlands dutc. provincie 12 Provinces of North Korea kore. do, to 10 Provinces of Norway norw. fylke 19 Provinces of Oman ara. wilaya appr. 60 Provinces of Pakistan Singular: Suba Plural: Subai 4 Provinces of Panama span. provincia 9 Provinces of Papua New Guinea 19 Provinces of Peru span. provincia 195 Provinces of the Philippines fili.: lalawigan / probinsya 81 Provinces of Poland pl. województwo 16 Provinces of Rwanda intara 12 Provinces of São Tomé and PrÃncipe port. provÃncia 2 Provinces of Saudi Arabia Arab. mintaqah 13 Provinces of the Solomon Islands 9 Provinces of South Africa 9 Provinces of South Korea kore. do, to 10 Provinces of Spain span. provincia 50 Provinces of Sri Lanka 9 Provinces of Tajikistan veloyati, from Arab. wilaya 3 Provinces of Thailand changwat 76 Provinces of Turkey Turk. il 81 Provinces of Turkmenistan from Arab. wilaya 5 Provinces of Ukraine ukra. oblast 24 Provinces of Uzbekistan from Arab. wilaya 12 Provinces of Vanuatu 6 Provinces of Vietnam from Vietnamese tỉnh 59 Provinces of Zambia 9 Provinces of Zimbabwe 8 Historical provinces Ancient, medieval and feudal provinces Pharaonic Egypt : see nome Egypt Achaemenid Persia and probably before in Media, again after conquest and further extension by Alexander the Great, and in the larger Hellenistic successor states : see satrapy Provinces of the Roman Empire Byzantine Empire : see exarchate, thema Frankish Carolingian 're-founded' Holy Roman Empire : see gau and county Caliphate and subsequent sultanates : see Emirate Khanate can also mean a province as well as an independent state, as either can be headed by a Khan In the Tartar Khanate of Kazan : the five daruÄŸa 'direction' Mughal Empire : subah In the Habsburg territories, the traditional provinces are partly expressed in the Länder of 19th-century Austria-Hungary. The provinces of the Ottoman Empire had various types of governors generally a pasha, but mostly styled vali, hence the predominant term vilayet, generally subdivided often in beyliks or sanjaks, sometimes grouped under a governor-general styled beylerbey. Modern post-feudal and colonial provinces in the Spanish empire, at several echelons: viceroyalty above intendencia former British colonies Province of Canada 1840-1867 Province of South Australia now an Australian state Provinces of India Provinces of Nigeria The former provinces of France The former provinces of Ireland The former provinces of Japan The former provinces of Sweden The former provinces of Brazil The former Republic of the Seven United Provinces The Netherlands The former United Provinces of Central America The provinces of Prussia, a former German kingdom/republic See also Governor Lists of unofficial regions by country Provincialism Rise: The Vieneo Province External links Interactive China province map with city guides and more. Sources and references Etymology OnLine WorldStatesmen v d e Types of administrative country subdivision Boldface indicates a type used by ten or more countries. Current English terms Autonomous area · Bailiwick · Banner Autonomous banner · Block · Borough County borough · Metropolitan borough · Cadastral division · Capital Federal capital · Canton · Circle · Circuit · City Autonomous city · Chartered city · Independent city · Colony · Commune · Community Autonomous community · Residential community · Condominium · Constituency · County Administrative county · Autonomous county · Metropolitan county · Council · Department · District Autonomous district · Capital district · City district · Federal district · Metropolitan district · Municipal district · Subdistrict · Division · Duchy · Eldership · Federal dependency · Governorate · Hamlet · Insular area · Local administrative unit · Local government area · Municipality District municipality · Regional municipality · Regional county municipality · Rural municipality · Neighbourhood · Parish Civil parish · Periphery · Prefecture Autonomous prefecture · Subprefecture · Principality Co-principality · Protectorate · Province Autonomous province · Quarter · Regency · Region Autonomous region · Capital region · Special administrative region · Republic Autonomous republic · Reservation Reserve · Shire · State · Suzerainty · Territory Autonomous territorial unit · Capital territory · Dependent territory · National territory · Union Territory · Town · Townland · Township Township Scotland · Civil township · Urban urbanized area · Village · Ward Current non-English and loanword terms Amt · Arrondissement · Bakhsh · Baladiyah · Barangay · Bairro · Bezirk / Regierungsbezirk · Comarca · Comune · Daïra · Frazione · Freguesia · Gmina · JudeÅ£ · Kommun · Liwa · Località · Oblast · Okrug · OstÄ?n · Plasă · Powiat · RancherÃa · Shabiyah · Shahr · ShahrestÄ?n · Sýsla · Taluka · Tehsil · Vingtaine · Voivodeship · Wilayah · Woreda Defunct and historical English terms Agency · Barony · Diocese · Free imperial city · Hide unit · Hundred · Imperial Circle · March · Praetorian prefecture · Presidency · Residency · Riding · Rural district · Sanitary district · Theme · Tithing · Urban district · Viscountcy Viscounty Defunct and historical non-English terms Burgh · Deme · Commote · Heerlijkheid · Naucrary · Nome · Pargana · Satrapy See also Political division · Census division · Electoral division Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Province Categories: Provinces | Administrative divisions Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages العربية Asturianu Bikol Central Català Česky Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara Ù?ارسی Français Frysk Galego 文言 í•œêµì–´ Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latina Limburgs Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Nedersaksisch 日本語 ‪Norsk bokmÃ¥l‬ ‪Norsk nynorsk‬ Nouormand Polski Português РуÑ?Ñ?кий Sicilianu Simple English Basa Sunda Svenska Tagalog ไทย Tiếng Việt Türkçe اردو West-Vlams ייִדיש ä¸æ–‡ This page was last modified on 11 September 2008, at 12:05
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