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14-September-2008 18:02:48 - Relaxin For the Miles Davis album, see Relaxin' with the Miles Davis Quintet. Relaxin 1 Identifiers Symbol RLN1 Entrez 6013 HUGO 10026 OMIM 179730 Other data Locus Chr. 9 qter-q12 Relaxin 2 Identifiers Symbol RLN2 Entrez 6019 HUGO 10027 OMIM 179740 Other data Locus Chr. 9 qter-q12 Relaxin 3 Identifiers Symbol RLN3 Entrez 117579 HUGO 17135 OMIM 606855 Other data Locus Chr. 19 p13.3 Relaxin is a peptide hormone that was first described in 1926 by Frederick Hisaw.12 The relaxin-like peptide family belongs in the insulin superfamily and consists of 7 peptides of high structural but low sequence similarity; relaxin-1RNL1, 2RNL2 and 3RNL3, and the insulin-like INSL peptides, INSL3, INSL4, INSL5 and INSL6. The functions of relaxin-3, INSL4, INSL5, INSL6 remain uncharacterised.3 Contents 1 Production 2 Structure 3 Function 3.1 In humans 3.2 In animals 4 Receptors 5 Disorders 6 References 7 External links Production In the female, it is produced by the corpus luteum of the ovary, the breast and, during pregnancy, also by the placenta, chorion, and decidua. In the male it is produced in the prostate and is present in human semen.4 Structure Structurally, relaxin is a heterodimer of two peptide chains of 24 and 29 amino acids that are linked by disulfide bridges and it appears related to insulin. Relaxin is produced from its prohormone, pro-relaxin, by splitting off one additional peptide chain. Function Enhances sperm motility of sperm in semen. In humans Relaxin is produced mainly by the corpus luteum, in both pregnant and non-pregnant females, it rises to a peak within approximately 14 days of ovulation and then declines in the absence of pregnancy resulting in menstruation. During the first trimester of pregnancy levels rise and additional relaxin is produced by the decidua. Relaxin's role or necessity in human pregnancy remains under investigation, as in humans its peak is reached during the 14 days of the first trimester and at delivery. In animals In animals relaxin widens the pubic bone and facilitates labor, it also softens the cervix cervical ripening, and relaxes the uterine musculature. Thus, for a long time, relaxin was looked at as a pregnancy hormone. However, its significance may reach much further. Relaxin affects collagen metabolism, inhibiting collagen synthesis and enhancing its breakdown by increasing matrix metalloproteinases.5 It also enhances angiogenesis and is a potent renal vasodilator. Receptors Relaxin interacts with the relaxin receptor LGR7 RXFP1 and LGR8 RXFP2 which belong to the G-protein-coupled receptor superfamily. They contain a heptahelical transmembrane domain and a large glycosylated ectodomain, distantly related to the receptors for the glycoproteohormones, such as the LH-receptor or FSH-receptor. Relaxin receptors have been found in the heart, smooth muscle, the connective tissue, and central and autonomous nervous system. Disorders Specific disorders related to relaxin have not been described, yet it has been suggested that it could be linked to scleroderma and to fibromyalgia.6 References ^ If a Gopher Can Do It ... - TIME ^ Becker G, Hewitson T 2001. Relaxin and renal fibrosis. Kidney Int 59 3: 1184-5. doi:10.1046/j.1523-1755.2001.0590031184.x. PMID 11231378. ^ Evolution of the relaxin-like peptide family. BMC Evol Biol. 2005; 5: 14. TN Wilkinson, TP Speed, GW Tregear,RAD Bathgate. ^ The role of the hormone relaxin in human reproduction and pelvic girdle relaxation.Scand J Rheumatol Suppl. 1991;88:7-15. AH MacLennan. ^ Mookerjee I, Solly N, Royce S, Tregear G, Samuel C, Tang M 2006. Endogenous relaxin regulates collagen deposition in an animal model of allergic airway disease. Endocrinology 147 2: 754-61. doi:10.1210/en.2005-1006. PMID 16254028. ^ Van Der Westhuizen E, Summers R, Halls M, Bathgate R, Sexton P 2007. Relaxin receptors--new drug targets for multiple disease states. Curr Drug Targets 8 1: 91-104. doi:10.2174/138945007779315650. PMID 17266534. External links Human Protein Reference Database MeSH Relaxin v d e Endocrine system: hormones/endocrine glands Peptide hormones, Steroid hormones Hypothalamic-pituitary Hypothalamus: TRH, CRH , GnRH, GHRH, somatostatin, dopamine - Posterior pituitary: vasopressin, oxytocin - Anterior pituitary: α FSH, LH, TSH, GH, prolactin, POMC ACTH, MSH, endorphins, lipotropin Adrenal axis Adrenal medulla: epinephrine, norepinephrine - Adrenal cortex: aldosterone, cortisol, DHEA Thyroid axis Thyroid: thyroid hormone T3 and T4 - calcitonin - Parathyroid: PTH Gonadal axis Testis: testosterone, AMH, inhibin - Ovary: estradiol, progesterone, inhibin/activin, relaxin pregnancy Other end. glands Pancreas: glucagon, insulin, somatostatin - Pineal gland: melatonin Non-end. glands Placenta: hCG, HPL, estrogen, progesterone - Kidney: renin, EPO, calcitriol, prostaglandin - Heart atrium: ANP - Stomach: gastrin, ghrelin - Duodenum: CCK, GIP, secretin, motilin, VIP - Ileum: enteroglucagon - Adipose tissue: leptin, adiponectin, resistin - Thymus: Thymosin - Thymopoietin - Thymulin - Skeleton: Osteocalcin - Liver/other: Insulin-like growth factor IGF-1, IGF-2 Target-derived NGF, BDNF, NT-3 Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Relaxin Categories: Genes on chromosome 9 | Genes on chromosome 19 | Peptide hormonesHidden category: Protein pages needing a picture Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages Þ‹Þ¨ÞˆÞ¬Þ€Þ¨Þ„Þ¦Þ?Þ° Français Italiano 日本語 Polski This page was last modified on 4 August 2008, at 20:4
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