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14-September-2008 18:02:44 - Sigma receptor Schematic σ receptor Schematic σ receptor The sigma receptors σ1 and σ2 are receptors which bind to ligands such as 4-PPBP,1 SA 4503, Ditolylguanidine and siramesine.2 Contents 1 Classification 2 Function 3 Physiologic effects 4 References 5 External links Classification Sigma receptors were once thought to be a type of opioid receptor, because the d stereoisomers of the benzomorphan class of opioid drugs had no effects at μ, κ, and δ receptors, but reduced coughing. However, pharmacological testing indicated that the sigma receptors were activated by drugs completely unrelated to the opioids, and their function was unrelated to the function of the opioid receptors. For example, phencyclidine PCP, and the antipsychotic haloperidol may interact with these receptors. Neither phencyclidine nor haloperidol have any appreciable chemical similarity to the opioids. When the σ1 receptor was isolated and cloned, it was found to have no structural similarity to the opioid receptors. At this point, they were designated as a separate class of receptors. Function The function of these receptors are poorly understood3 and an endogenous ligand has not yet been identified.4 Activation of sigma receptors by an agonist ligand may induce hallucinogenic effects and also may be responsible for the paradoxical convulsions sometimes seen in opiate overdose. Drugs known to be sigma agonists include cocaine, heroin, PCP, fluvoxamine, methamphetamine and dextromethorphan. However the exact role of sigma receptors is difficult to establish as many sigma agonists also bind to other targets such as the κ-opioid receptor and the NMDA receptor. In animal experiments, sigma antagonists such as rimcazole were able to block convulsions from cocaine overdose. Sigma antagonists are also under investigation for use as antipsychotic medications. Physiologic effects Physiologic effects what happens to the human body when the sigma receptor is activated include hypertonia increased muscle tension, tachycardia increase in heart rate, tachypnea increase in rate of breathing, and mydriasis increase in the size of the pupils, similar to what occurs in conditions of low light. Some sigma receptor agonists--such as cocaine, a weak sigma agonist--exert convulsant effects in animals. Behavioral reactions to sigma agonists are rather heterogeneous: some individuals find sigma receptor agonists euphoric with significant anti-depressive effects. Other individuals, however, experience dysphoria and often report feelings of malaise or anxiety. Recently selective σ-receptor agonists were shown to produce antidepressant effects in mice.5 References ^ Yang S, Bhardwaj A, Cheng J, Alkayed NJ, Hurn PD, Kirsch JR 2007. Sigma receptor agonists provide neuroprotection in vitro by preserving bcl-2. Anesth. Analg. 104 5: 1179-84, tables of contents. doi:10.1213/01.ane.0000260267.71185.73. PMID 17456670. ^ Skuza G, Rogóz Z 2006. The synergistic effect of selective sigma receptor agonists and uncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonists in the forced swim test in rats. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 57 2: 217-29. PMID 16845227. ^ Leonard BE 2004. Sigma receptors and sigma ligands: background to a pharmacological enigma. Pharmacopsychiatry 37 Suppl 3: S166-70. doi:10.1055/s-2004-832674. PMID 15547782. ^ Guitart X, Codony X, Monroy X 2004. Sigma receptors: biology and therapeutic potential. Psychopharmacology Berl. 174 3: 301-19. doi:10.1007/s00213-004-1920-9. PMID 15197533. ^ Wang J, Mack AL, Coop A, Matsumoto RR 2007. Novel sigma sigma receptor agonists produce antidepressant-like effects in mice. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2007 Mar 19: Epub ahead of print. doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2007.02.007. PMID 17376658. External links MeSH sigma+Receptor v d e Neuropeptide receptors Hypothalamic hormone receptors CRH - FSH - LHRH - TRH - Somatostatin Pituitary hormone receptors Vasopressin 1A, 1B, 2 - Oxytocin - LHCG - Type I cytokine receptor GH, Prolactin - TSH Other hormone receptors Atrial natriuretic factor - Calcitonin - Cholecystokinin A, B - VIP Opioid receptors Delta - Kappa - Mu - Sigma 1, 2 - Nociceptin Other neuropeptide receptors Angiotensin - Bradykinin B1, B2 / Tachykinin TACR1 - Calcitonin gene-related peptide - Galanin - GPCR neuropeptide B/W, FF, S, Y - Neurotensin Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Sigma_receptor Categories: Cell signaling | Signal transduction | Opioids Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page This page was last modified on 20 July 2008, at 20:28
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So many of us do not eat a balanced diet, get enough sleep, have too much stress, or are impacted with toxins and pollutants. Drinking 2 ounces of MonaVie twice a day will help your body detoxify as well as build your immune system. Its the smartest thing you can do for yourself, so start today. Buying MonaVie through our company guarantees you support 7 days a week and, if you would like to share MonaVie with your family and friends we will guide you from start to finish.
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