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14-September-2008 18:02:48 - Somatostatin Somatostatin Identifiers Symbols SST; SMST External IDs OMIM: 182450 MGI: 98326 HomoloGene: 819 Gene ontology Molecular function: hormone activity Cellular component: extracellular region extracellular space Biological process: G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway synaptic transmission response to nutrient digestion negative regulation of cell proliferation induction of apoptosis by hormones regulation of cell migration RNA expression pattern More reference expression data Orthologs Human Mouse Entrez 6750 20604 Ensembl ENSG00000157005 ENSMUSG00000004366 Uniprot P61278 Q545V6 Refseq NM_001048 mRNA NP_001039 protein NM_009215 mRNA NP_033241 protein Location Chr 3: 188.87 - 188.87 Mb Chr 16: 23.8 - 23.81 Mb Pubmed search 1 2 Somatostatin also known as growth hormone inhibiting hormone GHIH or somatotropin release-inhibiting factor SRIF is a peptide hormone that regulates the endocrine system and affects neurotransmission and cell proliferation via interaction with G-protein-coupled somatostatin receptors and inhibition of the release of numerous secondary hormones. Somatostatin has two active forms produced by alternative cleavage of a single preproprotein: one of 14 amino acids, the other of 28 amino acids.1 Contents 1 Production 1.1 Digestive system 1.2 Brain 2 Actions 2.1 Anterior pituitary 2.2 Gastrointestinal system 3 Synthetic substitutes 4 References 5 Further reading Production Digestive system Somatostatin is secreted in several locations in the digestive system: stomach intestine delta cells of the pancreas2 Brain Somatostatin is produced by neuroendocrine neurons of the periventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. These neurons project to the median eminence, where somatostatin is released from neurosecretory nerve endings into the hypothalamo-hypophysial portal circulation. These blood vessels carry somatostatin to the anterior pituitary gland, where somatostatin inhibits the secretion of growth hormone from somatotrope cells. The somatostatin neurons in the periventricular nucleus mediate negative feedback effects of growth hormone on its own release; the somatostatin neurons respond to high circulating concentrations of growth hormone and somatomedins by increasing the release of somatostatin, so reducing the rate of secretion of growth hormone. Somatostatin is also produced by several other populations that project centrally - i.e. to other areas of the brain, and somatostatin receptors are expressed at many different sites in the brain. In particular, there are populations of somatostatin neurons in the arcuate nucleus, the hippocampus and the brainstem nucleus of the solitary tract. Actions D cell is visible at upper right, and somatostatinis represented by middle arrow pointing left D cell is visible at upper right, and somatostatinis represented by middle arrow pointing left Somatostatin is classified as an inhibitory hormone,1 whose actions are spread to different parts of the body: Anterior pituitary In the anterior pituitary gland, the effects of somatostatin are: Inhibit the release of growth hormone GH3 thus opposing the effects of Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone GHRH Inhibit the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone TSH Gastrointestinal system Somatostatin suppresses the release of gastrointestinal hormones Gastrin Cholecystokinin CCK Secretin Motilin Vasoactive intestinal peptide VIP Gastric inhibitory polypeptide GIP Enteroglucagon Lowers the rate of gastric emptying, and reduces smooth muscle contractions and blood flow within the intestine3 Suppresses the release of pancreatic hormones Inhibits the release of insulin4 Inhibits the release of glucagon4 Suppresses the exocrine secretory action of pancreas. Synthetic substitutes Octreotide brand name Sandostatin, Novartis Pharmaceuticals is an octopeptide that mimics natural somatostatin pharmacologically, though is a more potent inhibitor of growth hormone, glucagon, and insulin than the natural hormone. References ^ a b Costoff A. Sect. 5, Ch. 4: Structure, Synthesis, and Secretion of Somatostatin. Endocrinology: The Endocrine Pancreas page 16. Medical College of Georgia. Retrieved on 2008-02-19. ^ Costanzo, Linda S. 2003. Physiology, 3rd ion, Hagerstown, MD: Lippincott Williams Wilkins, page 280. ISBN 0-7817-3919-5. ^ a b Bowen R 2002-12-14. Somatostatin. Biomedical Hypertextbooks. Colorado State University. Retrieved on 2008-02-19. ^ a b Costoff A. Sect. 5, Ch. 4: Structure, Synthesis, and Secretion of Somatostatin. Endocrinology: The Endocrine Pancreas page 17. Medical College of Georgia. Retrieved on 2008-02-19. Further reading Florio T, Schettini G 2002. Somatostatin and its receptors. Role in the control of cell proliferation. Minerva Endocrinol. 26 3: 91-102. PMID 11753230. Yamada Y, Reisine T, Law SF, et al. 1993. Somatostatin receptors, an expanding gene family: cloning and functional characterization of human SSTR3, a protein coupled to adenylyl cyclase. Mol. Endocrinol. 6 12: 2136-42. PMID 1337145. Yamada Y, Post SR, Wang K, et al. 1992. Cloning and functional characterization of a family of human and mouse somatostatin receptors expressed in brain, gastrointestinal tract, and kidney. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 89 1: 251-5. doi:10.1073/pnas.89.1.251. PMID 1346068. Brazeau P, Vale W, Burgus R, et al. 1973. Hypothalamic polypeptide that inhibits the secretion of immunoreactive pituitary growth hormone. Science 179 68: 77-9. doi:10.1126/science.179.4068.77. PMID 4682131. Shen LP, Pictet RL, Rutter WJ 1982. Human somatostatin I: sequence of the cDNA. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 79 15: 4575-9. doi:10.1073/pnas.79.15.4575. PMID 6126875. Shen LP, Rutter WJ 1984. Sequence of the human somatostatin I gene. Science 224 4645: 168-71. doi:10.1126/science.6142531. PMID 6142531. Montminy MR, Goodman RH, Horovitch SJ, Habener JF 1984. Primary structure of the gene encoding rat preprosomatostatin. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 81 11: 3337-40. doi:10.1073/pnas.81.11.3337. PMID 6145156. Zabel BU, Naylor SL, Sakaguchi AY, et al. 1984. High-resolution chromosomal localization of human genes for amylase, proopiomelanocortin, somatostatin, and a DNA fragment D3S1 by in situ hybridization. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 80 22: 6932-6. PMID 6196780. Panetta R, Greenwood MT, Warszynska A, et al. 1994. Molecular cloning, functional characterization, and chromosomal localization of a human somatostatin receptor somatostatin receptor type 5 with preferential affinity for somatostatin-28. Mol. Pharmacol. 45 3: 417-27. PMID 7908405. Demchyshyn LL, Srikant CB, Sunahara RK, et al. 1993. Cloning and expression of a human somatostatin-14-selective receptor variant somatostatin receptor 4 located on chromosome 20. Mol. Pharmacol. 43 6: 894-901. PMID 8100352. Kaupmann K, Bruns C, Hoyer D, et al. 1993. Distribution and second messenger coupling of four somatostatin receptor subtypes expressed in brain. FEBS Lett. 331 1-2: 53-9. doi:10.1016/0014-57939380296-7. PMID 8405411. Aguila MC, Rodriguez AM, Aguila-Mansilla HN, Lee WT 1996. Somatostatin antisense oligodeoxynucleotide-mediated stimulation of lymphocyte proliferation in culture. Endocrinology 137 5: 1585-90. doi:10.1210/en.137.5.1585. PMID 8612489. Sharma K, Patel YC, Srikant CB 1997. Subtype-selective induction of wild-type p53 and apoptosis, but not cell cycle arrest, by human somatostatin receptor 3. Mol. Endocrinol. 10 12: 1688-96. PMID 8961277. Dournaud P, Boudin H, Schonbrunn A, et al. 1998. Interrelationships between somatostatin sst2A receptors and somatostatin-containing axons in rat brain: evidence for regulation of cell surface receptors by endogenous somatostatin. J. Neurosci. 18 3: 1056-71. PMID 9437026. Barnea A, Roberts J, Ho RH 1999. Evidence for a synergistic effect of the HIV-1 envelope protein gp120 and brain-derived neurotrophic factor BDNF leading to enhanced expression of somatostatin neurons in aggregate cultures derived from the human fetal cortex. Brain Res. 815 2: 349-57. doi:10.1016/S0006-89939801098-1. PMID 9878821. Ferone D, van Hagen PM, van Koetsveld PM, et al. 1999. In vitro characterization of somatostatin receptors in the human thymus and effects of somatostatin and octreotide on cultured thymic epithelial cells. Endocrinology 140 1: 373-80. PMID 9886848. Brakch N, Lazar N, Panchal M, et al. 2002. The somatostatin-281-12-NPAMAP sequence: an essential helical-promoting motif governing prosomatostatin processing at mono- and dibasic sites. Biochemistry 41 5: 1630-9. doi:10.1021/bi011928m. PMID 11814357. Oomen SP, van Hennik PB, Antonissen C, et al. 2002. Somatostatin is a selective chemoattractant for primitive CD34+ hematopoietic progenitor cells. Exp. Hematol. 30 2: 116-25. doi:10.1016/S0301-472X0100772-X. PMID 11823046. Simonetti M, Di BC 2002. Structural motifs in the maturation process of peptide hormones. The somatostatin precursor. I. A CD conformational study. J. Pept. Sci. 8 2: 66-79. doi:10.1002/psc.370. PMID 11860030. v d e Endocrine system: hormones/endocrine glands Peptide hormones, Steroid hormones Hypothalamic-pituitary Hypothalamus: TRH, CRH , GnRH, GHRH, somatostatin, dopamine - Posterior pituitary: vasopressin, oxytocin - Anterior pituitary: α FSH, LH, TSH, GH, prolactin, POMC ACTH, MSH, endorphins, lipotropin Adrenal axis Adrenal medulla: epinephrine, norepinephrine - Adrenal cortex: aldosterone, cortisol, DHEA Thyroid axis Thyroid: thyroid hormone T3 and T4 - calcitonin - Parathyroid: PTH Gonadal axis Testis: testosterone, AMH, inhibin - Ovary: estradiol, progesterone, inhibin/activin, relaxin pregnancy Other end. glands Pancreas: glucagon, insulin, somatostatin - Pineal gland: melatonin Non-end. glands Placenta: hCG, HPL, estrogen, progesterone - Kidney: renin, EPO, calcitriol, prostaglandin - Heart atrium: ANP - Stomach: gastrin, ghrelin - Duodenum: CCK, GIP, secretin, motilin, VIP - Ileum: enteroglucagon - Adipose tissue: leptin, adiponectin, resistin - Thymus: Thymosin - Thymopoietin - Thymulin - Skeleton: Osteocalcin - Liver/other: Insulin-like growth factor IGF-1, IGF-2 Target-derived NGF, BDNF, NT-3 v d e Digestive system, physiology: gastrointestinal physiology Enteric nervous system Meissner's plexus - Auerbach's plexus Exocrine Chief cells Pepsinogen - Parietal cells Gastric acid, Intrinsic factor - Goblet cells Mucus Endocrine/paracrine G cells gastrin, D cells somatostatin - ECL cells Histamine - enterogastrone: I cells CCK, K cells GIP, S cells secretin, Enteroendocrine cells Border Brunner's glands - Paneth cells - Enterocytes Fluids Saliva - Bile - Intestinal juice - Gastric juice - Pancreatic juice Processes Swallowing - Vomiting - Peristalsis Interstitial cell of Cajal - Migrating motor complex - Borborygmus - Gastrocolic reflex - Segmentation contractions - Defecation - Enterohepatic circulation v d e Peptides: neuropeptides Hypothalamic Somatostatin - CRH - GnRH - GHRH - Orexins - TRH - POMC ACTH, MSH, Lipotropin Gastrointestinal hormones Cholecystokinin - Gastric inhibitory polypeptide - Gastrin - Motilin - Secretin - Vasoactive intestinal peptide Other hormones Vasopressin - Calcitonin - Other Angiotensin - Bombesin/Neuromedin B - Calcitonin gene-related peptide - Carnosine - Delta sleep-inducing peptide - FMRFamide - Galanin - Gastrin releasing peptide - Kinins Bradykinin, Tachykinins - Neuromedin B, N, U - Neuropeptide Y - Neurophysins - Neurotensin - Opioid peptide - Pancreatic polypeptide - Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating peptide Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Somatostatin Categories: Genes on chromosome 3 | Human proteins | Antidiarrhoeals | Hormonal agents | Endocrine system | Pancreatic hormones | Hormones of the hypothalamus | Somatotropic axis | Neuropeptides | Neuroendocrinology Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages БългарÑ?ки ÄŒesky Dansk Deutsch Þ‹Þ¨ÞˆÞ¬Þ€Þ¨Þ„Þ¦Þ?Þ° Español Français Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本語 ‪Norsk bokmÃ¥l‬ Polski Português РуÑ?Ñ?кий SlovenÅ¡Ä?ina СрпÑ?ки / Srpski Svenska This page was last modified on 5 September 2008, at 05:0
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