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14-September-2008 18:02:48 - Stomach This article or section includes a list of references or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. You can improve this article by introducing more precise citations where appropriate. June 2008 June 2008 Stomach The location of the stomach in the body. Diagram from cancer.gov: 1. Body of stomach 2. Fundus 3. Anterior wall 4. Greater curvature 5. Lesser curvature 6. Cardia 9. Pyloric sphincter 10. Pyloric antrum 11. Pyloric canal 12. Angular notch 13. Gastric canal 14. Rugal folds Work of the United States Government Latin Ventriculus Gray's subject #247 1161 Nerve celiac ganglia, vagus1 Lymph celiac preaortic lymph nodes2 MeSH Stomach Dorlands/Elsevier g_03/12386049 In human anatomy, the stomach is a J-shaped hollow muscular organ of the gastrointestinal tract involved in the second phase of digestion, following mastication. The word stomach is derived from the Latin stomachus3, which derives from the Greek word stomachos στόμαχος. The words gastro- and gastric meaning related to the stomach are both derived from the Greek word gaster γαστήÏ?. For information about the stomach of Tyler, for example, lookup ruminants. Put functions here Contents 1 Anatomy of the human stomach 1.1 Sections 1.2 Blood supply 2 Histology of the human stomach 2.1 Layers 2.2 Glands 3 Control of secretion and motility 4 Diseases of the stomach 5 References 6 External links Anatomy of the human stomach The stomach lies between the esophagus and the duodenum the first part of the small intestine. It is on the left side of the abdominal cavity. The top of the stomach lies against the diaphragm. Lying beneath the stomach is the pancreas, and the greater omentum which hangs from the gThe stomach is surrounded by parasympathetic stimulant and orthosympathetic inhibitor plexuses anterior gastric, posterior, superior and inferior, celiac and myenteric, which regulate both the secretory activity and the motor activity of the muscles. In humans, the stomach has a volume of about 50 mL when empty. After a meal, it generally expands to hold about 1 liter of food,4 but can hold as much as 4 liters. Sections The stomach is divided into four sections, each of which has different cells and functions. The sections are: Cardia Where the contents of the esophagus empty into the stomach. Fundus Formed by the upper curvature of the organ. Body or corpus The main, central region. Pylorus or antrum The lower section of the organ that facilitates emptying the contents into the small intestine. Blood supply Blood supply to the stomach: left and right gastric artery, left and right gastro-omental artery and short gastric artery. Blood supply to the stomach: left and right gastric artery, left and right gastro-omental artery and short gastric artery.5 The lesser curvature of the stomach is supplied by the right gastric artery inferiorly, and the left gastric artery superiorly, which also supplies the cardiac region. The greater curvature is supplied by the right gastroepiploic artery inferiorly and the left gastroepiploic artery superiorly. The fundus of the stomach, and also the upper portion of the greater curvature, are supplied by the short gastric artery. Histology of the human stomach Layers Like the other parts of the gastrointestinal tract, the stomach walls are made of the following layers, from inside to outside: mucosa The first main layer. This consists of an epithelium, the lamina propria underneath, and a thin layer of smooth muscle called the muscularis mucosae. submucosa This layer lies under the mucosa and consists of fibrous connective tissue, separating the mucosa from the next layer. The Meissner's plexus is in this layer. muscularis externa Under the submucosa, the muscularis externa in the stomach differs from that of other GI organs in that it has three layers of smooth muscle instead of two. inner oblique layer: This layer is responsible for creating the motion that churns and physically breaks down the food. It is the only layer of the three which is not seen in other parts of the digestive system. The antrum has thicker skin cells in its walls and performs more forceful contractions than the fundus. middle circular layer: At this layer, the pylorus is surrounded by a thick circular muscular wall which is normally tonically constricted forming a functional if not anatomically discrete pyloric sphincter, which controls the movement of chyme into the duodenum. This layer is concentric to the longitudinal axis of the stomach. outer longitudinal layer: Auerbach's plexus is found between this layer and the middle circular layer. serosa This layer is outside the muscularis externa, consisting of layers of connective tissue continuous with the peritoneum. Cross section of stomach wall. Cross section of stomach wall. Microscopic cross section of the pyloric part of the stomach wall. Microscopic cross section of the pyloric part of the stomach wall. Glands The epithelium of the stomach forms deep pits. The glands at these locations are named for the corresponding part of the stomach: Cardiac glands at cardia Pyloric glands at pylorus Fundic glands at fundus Different types of cells are found at the different layers of these glands: Layer of stomach Name Secretion Region of stomach Staining Isthmus of gland mucous cells mucus gel layer Fundic, cardiac, pyloric Clear Neck of gland parietal oxyntic cells gastric acid and intrinsic factor Fundic, cardiac, pyloric Acidophilic Base of gland chief zymogenic cells pepsinogen, rennin Fundic only Basophilic Base of gland enteroendocrine APUD cells hormones gastrin, histamine, endorphins, serotonin, cholecystokinin and somatostatin Fundic, cardiac, pyloric - Control of secretion and motility The movement and the flow of chemicals into the stomach are controlled by both the autonomic nervous system and by the various digestive system hormones: Gastrin The hormone gastrin causes an increase in the secretion of HCl, pepsinogen and intrinsic factor from parietal cells in the stomach. It also causes increased motility in the stomach. Gastrin is released by G-cells in the stomach to distenstion of the antrum, and digestive products. It is inhibited by a pH normally less than 4 high acid, as well as the hormone somatostatin. Cholecystokinin Cholecystokinin CCK has most effect on the gall bladder, but it also decreases gastric emptying and increases release of pancreatic juice which is alkaline and neutralizes the chyme. Secretin In a different and rare manner, secretin, produced in the small intestine, has most effects on the pancreas, but will also diminish acid secretion in the stomach. Gastric inhibitory peptide Gastric inhibitory peptide GIP decreases both gastric acid and motility. Enteroglucagon enteroglucagon decreases both gastric acid and motility. Other than gastrin, these hormones all act to turn off the stomach action. This is in response to food products in the liver and gall bladder, which have not yet been absorbed. The stomach needs only to push food into the small intestine when the intestine is not busy. While the intestine is full and still digesting food, the stomach acts as storage for food. Diseases of the stomach Main article: Stomach disease Historically, it was widely believed that the highly acidic environment of the stomach would keep the stomach immune from infection. However, a large number of studies have indicated that most cases of stomach ulcers, gastritis, and stomach cancer are caused by Helicobacter pylori infection. References ^ Physiology at MCG 6/6ch2/s6ch2_30 ^ Norman/Georgetown stomach ^ stomach, throat, also pride, inclination,FART which tyler does a ton of. indignation which were thought to have their origin in that organ 1 Online Etymological Dictionary ^ Sherwood, Lauralee 1997. Human physiology: from cells to systems. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Pub. Co. ISBN 0314092455. ^ Anne M. R. Agur; Moore, Keith L.. Essential Clinical Anatomy Point Lippincott Williams Wilkins. Hagerstown, MD: Lippincott Williams Wilkins. ISBN 078176274X. ; p. 150 External links Look up Stomach in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Digestion of proteins in the stomach Site with details of how ruminants process food Interview with Dr. Jerome Groopman, Highlight at 2:30 v d e Anatomy of torso, digestive system: Gastrointestinal tract Upper GI To stomach Mouth Pharynx nasopharynx, oropharynx, hypopharynx Esophagus UES, LES Crop Stomach rugae - gastric pits - cardia/gland - fundus/gland - pylorus/gland - pyloric antrum - pyloric canal - greater curvature - lesser curvature - angular incisure Lower GI Intestine: small Duodenum Suspensory muscle, Major duodenal papilla, Minor duodenal papilla Duodenojejunal flexure Jejunum Ileum Ileocecal valve continuous intestinal villus, crypts of Lieberkühn, circular folds Intestine: large Vermiform appendix Cecum Colon ascending colon, hepatic flexure, transverse colon, splenic flexure, descending colon, sigmoid colon continuous taenia coli, haustra, epiploic appendix Termination Rectum: Houston valve rectal ampulla pectinate line Anal canal: anal valves anal sinuses anal columns Hilton's white line Anus: Sphincter ani internus muscle Sphincter ani externus muscle Lymph GALT: Peyer's patches M cells Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Stomach Categories: Abdomen | Digestive systemHidden categories: Articles lacking in-text citations | Articles needing additional references from June 2008 Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages Afrikaans العربية Avañe'ẽ Aymar Bosanski БългарÑ?ки Català Česky Dansk Deutsch Þ‹Þ¨ÞˆÞ¬Þ€Þ¨Þ„Þ¦Þ?Þ° Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara Ù?ارسی Français í•œêµì–´ Hrvatski Ido Igbo Bahasa Indonesia á?ƒá“„ᒃᑎá‘?ᑦ/inuktitut Ã?slenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქáƒ?რთული Kurdî / كوردی Latina Lietuvių Lingála Magyar МакедонÑ?ки मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 ‪Norsk bokmÃ¥l‬ Pangasinan Polski Português Runa Simi РуÑ?Ñ?кий Sicilianu Simple English SlovenÄ?ina SlovenÅ¡Ä?ina Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog తెలà±?à°—à±? ไทย Tiếng Việt Türkçe УкраїнÑ?ька Võro ייִדיש Zazaki ä¸æ–‡ This page was last modified on 10 September 2008, at 05:5
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