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14-September-2008 18:02:48 - Thymulin Thymulin IUPAC name 2''S''-4-Amino-2-2''S''-2-2-2-2''S''-5-amino-2-2''S''-2-2''S''-6-amino-2-2''S''-2-2''S''-5-oxopyrrolidine-2-carbonylaminopropanoylaminohexanoylamino-3-hydroxypropanoylamino-5-oxopentanoylaminoacetylaminoacetylamino-3-hydroxypropanoylamino-4-oxobutanoic acid Identifiers CAS number 63958-90-7 PubChem 3085284 SMILES CCC=ONCCCCCNC=ONCCOC=ON CCCC=ONC=ONCC=ONCC=ONCCOC=ON CCC=ONC=OONC=OC1CCC=ON1 Properties Molecular formula C33H54N12O15 Molar mass 858.85 g/mol Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state at 25 °C, 100 kPa Infobox references Thymulin also known as Thymic Factor or under its old name Facteur Thymique Serique is a nonapeptide produced by two distinct epithelial populations in the thymus first described by Bach in 1977.1 It requires zinc for biological activity. The hormone is believed to be involved in T-cell differentiation and enhancement of T and NK cell actions.1 Besides this rather paracrine or auto-organic effects on the thymus dependent immune system, Thymulin seems to have neuroendocrine effects as well. There exist bidirectional interactions between thymic epithelium and the hypothalamus-pituitary axis for example, thymulin follows a circadian rhythm and physiologically elevated ACTH levels correlate positively with thymulin plasma levels and vice versa2. A recent focus has been on the role of thymulin as an effector on proinflammatory mediators/cytokines. A peptide analog of thymulin PAT has been found to have analgesic effects in higher concentrations and particularly neuroprotective anti-inflammatory effects in the CNS.3 Astrocytes seem to be the target for thymulin for this effect. Researchers hope to develop drugs thwarting inflammatory processes associated with neurodegenerative diseases and even rheumatism with the help of thymulin analogs. Moreover, thymulin has been associated with anorexia nervosa.4 References ^ a b Bach J, Bardenne M, Pleau J, Rosa J 1977. Biochemical characterisation of a serum thymic factor. Nature 266 5597: 55-7. PMID 300146. ^ Hadley AJ, Rantle CM, Buckingham JC 1997. Thymulin stimulates corticotrophin release and cyclic nucleotide formation in the rat anterior pituitary gland. Neuroimmunomodulation 4 2: 62-9. PMID 9483196. ^ Dardenne M, Saade N, Safieh-Garabedian B 2006. Role of thymulin or its analogue as a new analgesic molecule. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1088: 153-63. doi:10.1196/annals.1366.006. PMID 17192563. ^ Wade S, Bleiberg F, Mossé A, et al 1985. Thymulin Zn-facteur thymique serique activity in anorexia nervosa patients. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 42 2: 275-80. PMID 3927699. v d e Endocrine system: hormones/endocrine glands Peptide hormones, Steroid hormones Hypothalamic-pituitary Hypothalamus: TRH, CRH , GnRH, GHRH, somatostatin, dopamine - Posterior pituitary: vasopressin, oxytocin - Anterior pituitary: α FSH, LH, TSH, GH, prolactin, POMC ACTH, MSH, endorphins, lipotropin Adrenal axis Adrenal medulla: epinephrine, norepinephrine - Adrenal cortex: aldosterone, cortisol, DHEA Thyroid axis Thyroid: thyroid hormone T3 and T4 - calcitonin - Parathyroid: PTH Gonadal axis Testis: testosterone, AMH, inhibin - Ovary: estradiol, progesterone, inhibin/activin, relaxin pregnancy Other end. glands Pancreas: glucagon, insulin, somatostatin - Pineal gland: melatonin Non-end. glands Placenta: hCG, HPL, estrogen, progesterone - Kidney: renin, EPO, calcitriol, prostaglandin - Heart atrium: ANP - Stomach: gastrin, ghrelin - Duodenum: CCK, GIP, secretin, motilin, VIP - Ileum: enteroglucagon - Adipose tissue: leptin, adiponectin, resistin - Thymus: Thymosin - Thymopoietin - Thymulin - Skeleton: Osteocalcin - Liver/other: Insulin-like growth factor IGF-1, IGF-2 Target-derived NGF, BDNF, NT-3 v d e Peptides: neuropeptides Hypothalamic Somatostatin - CRH - GnRH - GHRH - Orexins - TRH - POMC ACTH, MSH, Lipotropin Gastrointestinal hormones Cholecystokinin - Gastric inhibitory polypeptide - Gastrin - Motilin - Secretin - Vasoactive intestinal peptide Other hormones Vasopressin - Calcitonin - Other Angiotensin - Bombesin/Neuromedin B - Calcitonin gene-related peptide - Carnosine - Delta sleep-inducing peptide - FMRFamide - Galanin - Gastrin releasing peptide - Kinins Bradykinin, Tachykinins - Neuromedin B, N, U - Neuropeptide Y - Neurophysins - Neurotensin - Opioid peptide - Pancreatic polypeptide - Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating peptide Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Thymulin Categories: Peptides Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page This page was last modified on 5 September 2008, at 18:5
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