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14-September-2008 18:02:48 - Urinary system The urinary system also called excretory system or the genitourinary system GUS is the organ system that produces, stores, and eliminates urine. In humans it includes two kidneys, two ureters, the bladder, and the urethra. The analogous organ in invertebrates is the nephridium. Contents 1 Physiology 1.1 Bladder 1.2 Urethra 2 See also 3 References Physiology Main article: Kidney Human beings typically have two kidneys. The kidneys are bean-shaped organs, which lie in the abdomen, rump or retroperitoneal to the organs of digestion, around or just below the ribcage and close to the lumbar spine. The organ is about the size of a chocolate bar and is surrounded by what is called peri-nephric fat, and situated on the superior pole of each kidney is an adrenal gland. The kidneys receive their blood supply of 1.25 L/min 25% of the cardiac output from the renal arteries which are fed by the Abdominal aorta. This is important because the kidneys' main role is to filter water soluble waste products from the blood. The other attachment of the kidneys are at their functional endpoints the ureters, which lies more medial and runs down to the trigone of the bladder. Functionally the kidney performs a number of tasks. In its role in the urinary system it concentrates urine, plays a crucial role in regulating electrolytes, and maintains acid-base homeostasis. The kidney excretes and re-absorbs electrolytes e.g. sodium, potassium and calcium under the influence of local and systemic hormones. pH balance is regulated by the excretion of bound acids and ammonium ions. In addition, they remove urea, a nitrogenous waste product from the metabolism of proteins from amino acids. The end point is a hyperosmolar solution carrying waste for storage in the bladder prior to urination. Humans produce about 1.5 liters of urine over 24 hours, although this amount may vary according to circumstances. Because the rate of filtration at the kidney is proportional to the glomerular filtration rate, which is in turn related to the blood flow through the kidney, changes in body fluid status can affect kidney function. Hormones exogenous and endogenous to the kidney alter the amount of blood flowing through the glomerulus. Some medications interfere directly or indirectly with urine production. Diuretics achieve this by altering the amount of absorbed or excreted electrolytes or osmalites, which causes a diuresis. Bladder Main article: Bladder In humans and other related organisms, the urinary bladder is a hollow muscular organ shaped like a balloon, located in the anterior pelvis. The bladder stores urine. the maximum that it can hold is one litre. It swells into a round shape when it is full and gets smaller when empty. In the absence of bladder disease, it can hold up to 300 ml of urine comfortably for two to five hours. The epithelial tissue associated with the bladder is called transitional epithelium. Normally the bladder is sterile. Sphincters circular muscles regulate the flow of urine from the bladder. The bladder itself has a muscular layer detrusor muscle that, when contracted, increases pressure on the bladder and creates urinary flow. Urination is a conscious process, generally initiated by stretch receptors in the bladder wall which signal to the brain that the bladder is full. This is felt as an urge to urinate. When urination is initiated, the sphincter relaxes and the detrusor muscle contracts, producing urinary flow. Urethra Main article: Urethra The endpoint of the urinary system is the urethra. Typically the urethra in humans is colonised by commensal bacteria below the external urethral sphincter. The urethra emerges from the end of the penis in males and between the clitoris and the vagina in females. See also Urothelium Major systems of the human body Urologic disease References v d e Human organ systems Cardiovascular system Digestive system Endocrine system Immune system Integumentary system Lymphatic system Muscular system Nervous system Reproductive system Respiratory system Skeletal system Urinary system v d e Urinary system, physiology: renal physiology and acid base physiology Filtration Renal blood flow - Ultrafiltration - Countercurrent exchange Hormones affecting filtration Antidiuretic hormone ADH - Aldosterone - Atrial natriuretic peptide Secretion/clearance Pharmacokinetics - Clearance of medications Reabsorption Solvent drag - Na+ - Cl- - urea - glucose - oligopeptides - protein Endocrine Renin - Erythropoietin EPO - Calcitriol Active vitamin D - Prostaglandins Assessing Renal function/ Measures of dialysis Glomerular filtration rate - Creatinine clearance - Renal clearance ratio - Urea reduction ratio - Kt/V - Standardized Kt/V - Hemodialysis product - PAH clearance Effective renal plasma flow - Extraction ratio Acid base physiology Fluid balance - Darrow Yannet diagram - Body water - Interstitial fluid - Extracellular fluid - Intracellular fluid/Cytosol - Plasma - Transcellular fluid - Base excess - Davenport diagram - Anion gap - Arterial blood gas Buffering/compensation Bicarbonate buffering system - Respiratory compensation - Renal compensation v d e Urinary system - Pathology - Urologic disease N00-N39, 580-599 Abdominal Kidney/ nephropathy Glomerulus Nephritis/ glomerulonephritis by structure: Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis - Membranous glomerulonephritis/Membranous nephritis - IgA nephropathy/glomerulonephritis by disease: Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis - Lupus nephritis other: Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis - Nephritic syndrome Nephrosis/ noninflammatory Glomerulosclerosis Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, Diabetic nephropathy/glomerulosclerosis - Nephrotic syndrome Minimal change disease - Familial renal amyloidosis Tubulointerstitial/ Renal tubule Interstitial nephritis Pyelonephritis, Danubian endemic familial nephropathy Uropathy Obstructive uropathy, Hydronephrosis, Pyonephrosis Inborn errors of renal tubular transport Renal tubular acidosis, Gitelman syndrome Reflux nephropathy - Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus - Renal papillary necrosis Renal failure Acute renal failure Acute tubular necrosis - Chronic renal failure Other Renal osteodystrophy - Nephroptosis - Abderhalden-Kaufmann-Lignac syndrome vascular Renal artery stenosis, Hypertensive nephropathy, Renovascular hypertension Ureter Ureteritis - Ureterocele - Megaureter Pelvic Bladder Cystitis Interstitial cystitis, Trigonitis - Neurogenic bladder - Vesicointestinal fistula - Vesicoureteral reflux Urethra Urethritis Non-gonococcal urethritis - Urethral syndrome - Urethral stricture Other/general Urinary tract infection - Retroperitoneal fibrosis - Urolithiasis Kidney stone, Renal colic See also congenital, neoplasia, symptoms/signs v d e Prenatal development/mammalian embryogenesis - Development of the urinary and reproductive organs General Urinary/Reproductive system Cloacal membrane - Cloaca - Urethral groove - Urogenital sinus - Urachus - Urogenital folds Kidney development Nephrogenic cord - Nephrotome - Pronephros - Mesonephros Mesonephric tubules Ureteric bud - Metanephric blastema Fetal genital development - primarily internal Gonadal ridge - Sex cord Cortical cords, Testis cords Pronephric duct/Wolffian duct/mesonephric duct - Müllerian duct/paramesonephric ducts Vaginal plate Primarily external Genital tubercle - Phallus - Labioscrotal folds Gubernaculum - Processus vaginalis see also list of homologues of the human reproductive system Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Urinary_system Categories: Urinary system Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages العربية Català Česky Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara Ù?ارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia עברית Lietuvių 日本語 Português Română SlovenÅ¡Ä?ina СрпÑ?ки / Srpski Svenska Tagalog Türkçe This page was last modified on 12 September 2008, at 16:31
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