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08-SEPTEMBER-2008 07:42:01 - Abdomen The abdomen in a human and an ant. The abdomen in a human and an ant. For the human abdomen, see human abdomen. Abdominal redirects here. For the rapper from Canada, see Abdominal rapper. In vertebrates such as mammals the abdomen belly constitutes the part of the body between the thorax chest and pelvis. The region enclosed by the abdomen is termed the abdominal cavity. In arthropods it is the most distal section of the body which lies behind the thorax or cephalothorax12. Contents 1 Vertebrates 1.1 Abdominal organs 2 Invertebrates 3 See also 4 References Vertebrates In vertebrates, the abdomen is a large cavity enclosed by the abdominal muscles, ventraly and lateraly, and by the vertebral column dorsally. Lower ribs can also enclose ventral and lateral walls. The abdominal cavity is continuous with the pelvic cavity. It is separated from the thoracic cavity by the diaphragm. Structures such as the aorta, inferior vena cava and esophagus pass through the diaphragm. Both the abdominal and pelvic cavities are lined by a serous membrane known as the parietal peritoneum. This membrane is continuous with the visceral peritoneum lining the organs3. The abdomen in vertebrates contains a number of organs belonging, for instance, to the digestive tract and urinary system. Abdominal organs Digestive tract: Stomach, small intestine, large intestine with cecum and appendix Accessory organs of the digestive tract: Liver, gallbladder and pancreas Urinary system: Kidneys and ureters Other organs: Spleen Abdominal organs can be highly specialized in some animals. For example the stomach of ruminants a suborder of mammals is divided into four chambers - rumen, reticulum, omasum and abomasum.4 Invertebrates In the worker ant, the abdomen consists of the propodeum fused to the thorax and the metasoma, itself divided into the narrow petiole and bulbous gaster. In the worker ant, the abdomen consists of the propodeum fused to the thorax and the metasoma, itself divided into the narrow petiole and bulbous gaster. The invertebrate abdomen is built up of a series of concave upper plates known as tergites and convex lower plates known as sternites, the whole being held together by a tough yet stretchable membrane. The abdomen contains the insect's digestive tract and reproductive organs, it consists of eleven segments in most orders of insects though the eleventh segment is absent in the adult of most higher orders. The number of these segments does vary from species to species with the number of segments visible reduced to only seven in the common honeybee. In the Collembola Springtails the abdomen has only six segments. The abdomen is sometimes highly modified. In ants, the first segment of the abdomen is fused to the thorax and called the propodeum. The second segment forms the narrow petiole. Some ants have an additional postpetiole segment, and the remaining segments form the bulbous gaster.1 The petiole and gaster abdominal segments 2 and onward are collectively called the metasoma. Unlike other Arthropods, insects possess no legs on the abdomen in adult form, though the Protura do have rudimentary leg-like appendages on the first three abdominal segments, and Archaeognatha possess small, articulated styli which are sometimes considered to be rudimentary appendages. Many larval insects including the Lepidoptera and the Symphyta Sawflies have fleshy appendages called prolegs on their abdominal segments as well as their more familiar thoracic legs, which allow them to grip onto the edges of plant leaves as they walk around. See also Human abdomen Opisthosoma Metasoma Abdominal trauma References ^ Abdomen. n.d.. Dictionary.com Unabridged v 1.1. URL: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/abdomen Accessed: 22 Oct 2007 ^ Abdomen. Dictionary.com. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, 4th ion. URL: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/abdomen Accessed: 22 October 2007. ^ Peritoneum. The Veterinary Dictionary. Elsevier, 2007. http://www.answers.com/topic/peritoneum Accessed: 22 Oct 2007 ^ Ruminant. The Veterinary Dictionary. Elsevier, 2007. http://www.answers.com/topic/ruminant Accessed: 22 Oct 2007. Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Abdomen Categories: Abdomen | Animal anatomy Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages العربية Asturianu БългарÑ?ки Català Česky Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara Français Galego Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Ã?slenska Italiano עברית Lietuvių Lingála МакедонÑ?ки Nederlands Nedersaksisch 日本語 ‪Norsk bokmÃ¥l‬ ‪Norsk nynorsk‬ Polski Português Runa Simi РуÑ?Ñ?кий Simple English Svenska Tagalog తెలà±?à°—à±? Türkçe УкраїнÑ?ька ייִדיש ä¸æ–‡ This page was last modified on 6 August 2008, at 15:27
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