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08-SEPTEMBER-2008 07:42:01 - Adrenal gland This article or section includes a list of references or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks in-text citations. You can improve this article by introducing more precise citations where appropriate. June 2008 Adrenal gland Endocrine system Adrenal gland Latin glandula suprarenalis Gray's subject #277 1278 System Endocrine Artery superior suprarenal artery, middle suprarenal artery, Inferior suprarenal artery Vein suprarenal veins Nerve celiac plexus, renal plexus Lymph lumbar glands MeSH Adrenal+Glands Dorlands/Elsevier g_06/12392729 In mammals, the adrenal glands also known as suprarenal glands are the triangle-shaped endocrine glands that sit on top of the kidneys; their name indicates that position ad-, near or at + -renes, kidneys; and as concerns supra-, meaning above. They are chiefly responsible for regulating the stress response through the synthesis of corticosteroids and catecholamines, including cortisol and adrenaline. Contents 1 Anatomy and function 1.1 Arteries and veins 2 See also 3 References 3.1 Notes 3.2 General references Anatomy and function Anatomically, the adrenal glands are located in the thoracic abdomen situated atop the kidneys, specifically on their anterosuperior aspect. They are also surrounded by the adipose capsule and the renal fascia. In humans, the adrenal glands are found at the level of the 12th thoracic vertebra and receive their blood supply from the adrenal arteries. The adrenal gland is separated into two distinct structures, both of which receive regulatory input from the nervous system: Adrenal medulla As its name suggests, the adrenal medulla is the central core of the adrenal gland, surrounded by the adrenal cortex. The chromaffin cells of the medulla are the body's main source of the catecholamine hormones adrenaline epinephrine and noradrenaline norepinephrine. These water-soluble hormones, derived from the amino acid tyrosine, are part of the fight-or-flight response initiated by the sympathetic nervous system. The adrenal medulla can be considered specialized ganglia of the sympathetic nervous system, lacking distinct synapses, instead releasing secretions directly into the blood. It is also the main source of dopamine, a catecholamine closely related to adrenaline and noradrenaline. Adrenal cortex By contrast, the adrenal cortex is devoted to the synthesis of corticosteroid hormones from cholesterol. Some cells belong to the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and are the source of cortisol synthesis. Other cortical cells produce androgens such as testosterone, while some regulate water and electrolyte concentrations by secreting aldosterone. In contrast to the direct innervation of the medulla, the cortex is regulated by neuroendocrine hormones secreted by the pituitary gland and hypothalamus, as well as by the renin-angiotensin system. Arteries and veins Although variations of the blood supply to the adrenal glands and indeed the kidneys themselves are common, there are usually three arteries that supply each adrenal gland: The superior suprarenal artery is provided by the inferior phrenic The middle suprarenal artery is provided by the abdominal aorta The inferior suprarenal artery is provided by the renal artery Venous drainage of the adrenal glands is achieved via the suprarenal veins: The right suprarenal vein drains into the inferior vena cava The left suprarenal vein drains into the left renal vein or the left inferior phrenic vein. The suprarenal veins receiveing? blood may form anastomoses with the inferior phrenic veins. The adrenal glands and the thyroid gland are the organs that have the greatest blood supply per gram of tissue. Up to 60 arterioles may enter each adrenal gland.1 See also Fight-or-flight response Stress Geoffrey Bourne References Notes ^ JE Skandalakis. Surgical Anatomy: The Embryologic And Anatomic Basis Of Modern Surgery 2004. General references MedlinePlus Encyclopedia 002219 Virtual Slidebox at Univ. Iowa Slide 272 Anatomy Atlases - Microscopic Anatomy, plate 15.292 - Adrenal Gland Histology at BU 14501loa SUNY Labs 40:03-0105 - Posterior Abdominal Wall: The Retroperitoneal Fat and Suprarenal Glands Adrenal Gland, from Colorado State University Cross section at UV pembody/body8a v d e Human anatomy, endocrine system: endocrine glands Hypothalamic/ pituitary axes Thyroid axis Thyroid gland Parafollicular cell, Thyroid epithelial cell, Thyroid isthmus, Lobes of thyroid gland, Pyramid of thyroid Parathyroid gland Oxyphil cell, Chief cell Adrenal axis Adrenal gland Gonadal axis Testes - Ovaries - Corpus luteum Pineal gland Pinealocyte Islets of pancreas Alpha cell - Beta cell - Delta cell - PP cell - Epsilon cell v d e Endocrine system Adrenal glands Medulla Chromaffin cells Cortex Zona glomerulosa Zona fasciculata Zona reticularis Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Adrenal_gland Categories: Glands | Abdomen | Endocrine systemHidden category: Articles lacking in-text citations Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages العربية বাংলা Bosanski БългарÑ?ки Català Česky Dansk Deutsch Þ‹Þ¨ÞˆÞ¬Þ€Þ¨Þ„Þ¦Þ?Þ° Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Français Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Latina Lietuvių Magyar МакедонÑ?ки Nederlands 日本語 ‪Norsk bokmÃ¥l‬ Polski Português РуÑ?Ñ?кий Shqip Simple English SlovenÅ¡Ä?ina Suomi Svenska தமிழà¯? తెలà±?à°—à±? ไทย ä¸æ–‡ This page was last modified on 27 August 2008, at 17:35
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