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08-SEPTEMBER-2008 07:42:01 - Aerospace engineering A Pratt Whitney F100 turbofan engine for the F-15 Eagle and the F-16 Falcon is tested at Robins Air Force Base, Georgia, USA. The tunnel behind the engine muffles noise and allows exhaust to escape. A Pratt Whitney F100 turbofan engine for the F-15 Eagle and the F-16 Falcon is tested at Robins Air Force Base, Georgia, USA. The tunnel behind the engine muffles noise and allows exhaust to escape. Aerospace engineering is the branch of engineering behind the design, construction and science of aircraft and spacecraft. Aerospace engineering has broken into two major and overlapping branches: aeronautical engineering and astronautical engineering. The former deals with craft that stay within Earth's atmosphere, and the latter deals with craft that operate outside of Earth's atmosphere. While aeronautical was the original term, the broader aerospace has superseded it in usage, as flight technology advanced to include craft operating in outer space.1 Aerospace engineering is often informally called rocket science. Contents 1 Overview 2 History 3 Elements 4 Aerospace engineering degrees 5 Popular culture 6 See also 7 References Overview Modern flight vehicles undergo severe conditions such as differences in atmospheric pressure and temperature, or heavy structural load applied upon vehicle components. Consequently, they are usually the products of various technologies including aerodynamics, avionics, materials science and propulsion. These technologies are collectively known as aerospace engineering. Because of the complexity of the field, aerospace engineering is conducted by a team of engineers, each specializing in their own branches of science.,2 The development and manufacturing of a flight vehicle demands careful balance and compromise between abilities, design, available technology and costs. History See also: Aviation history One person who was important in developing aviation was Alberto Santos Dumont, a pioneer who built the first machines that were able to fly. Some of the first ideas for powered flight may have come from Leonardo da Vinci, who, although he did not build any successful models, did develop many sketches and ideas for flying machines. Orville and Wilbur Wright flew the Wright Flyer I, the first airplane, on December 17, 1903 at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina. Orville and Wilbur Wright flew the Wright Flyer I, the first airplane, on December 17, 1903 at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina. The origin of aerospace engineering can be traced back to the aviation pioneers around the late 19th century to early 20th centuries, although the work of Sir George Cayley has recently been dated as being from the last decade of the 18th century. Early knowledge of aeronautical engineering was largely empirical with some concepts and skills imported from other branches of engineering.3 Scientists understood some key elements of aerospace engineering , like fluid dynamics, in the 18th century. Only a decade after the successful flights by the Wright brothers, the 1910s saw the development of aeronautical engineering through the design of World War I military aircraft. The first definition of aerospace engineering appeared in February 1958.1 The definition considered the Earth's atmosphere and the outer space as a single realm, thereby encompassing both aircraft aero and spacecraft space under a newly coined word aerospace. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration was founded in 1958 as a response to the Cold War. United States aerospace engineers sent the American first satellite launched on January 31, 1958 in response the USSR launching Sputnik.4 Please help improve this section by expanding it. Further information might be found on the talk page or at requests for expansion. June 2008 Elements See also: List of aerospace engineering topics Some of the elements of aerospace engineering are:56 Fluid mechanics - the study of fluid flow around objects. Specifically aerodynamics concerning the flow of air over bodies such as wings or through objects such as wind tunnels see also lift and aeronautics. Astrodynamics - the study of orbital mechanics including prediction of orbital elements when given a select few variables. While few schools in the United States teach this at the undergraduate level, several have graduate programs covering this topic usually in conjunction with the Physics department of said college or university. Statics and Dynamics engineering mechanics - the study of movement, forces, moments in mechanical systems. Mathematics - because aerospace engineering heavily involves mathematics. Electrotechnology - the study of electronics within engineering. Propulsion - the energy to move a vehicle through the air or in outer space is provided by internal combustion engines, jet engines and turbomachinery, or rockets see also propeller and spacecraft propulsion. A more recent addition to this module is electric propulsion and ion propulsion. Control engineering - the study of mathematical modeling of the dynamic behavior of systems and designing them, usually using feedback signals, so that their dynamic behavior is desirable stable, without large excursions, with minimum error. This applies to the dynamic behavior of aircraft, spacecraft, propulsion systems, and subsystems that exist on aerospace vehicles. Aircraft structures - design of the physical configuration of the craft to withstand the forces encountered during flight. Aerospace engineering aims to keep structures lightweight. Materials science - related to structures, aerospace engineering also studies the materials of which the aerospace structures are to be built. New materials with very specific properties are invented, or existing ones are modified to improve their performance. Solid mechanics - Closely related to material science is solid mechanics which deals with stress and strain analysis of the components of the vehicle. Nowadays there are several Finite Element programs such as MSC Patran/Nastran which aid engineers in the analytical process. Aeroelasticity - the interaction of aerodynamic forces and structural flexibility, potentially causing flutter, divergence, etc. Avionics - the design and programming of computer systems on board an aircraft or spacecraft and the simulation of systems. Risk and reliability - the study of risk and reliability assessment techniques and the mathematics involved in the quantitative methods. Noise control - the study of the mechanics of sound transfer. Flight test - designing and executing flight test programs in order to gather and analyze performance and handling qualities data in order to determine if an aircraft meets its design and performance goals and certification requirements. The basis of most of these elements lies in theoretical mathematics, such as fluid dynamics for aerodynamics or the equations of motion for flight dynamics. However, there is also a large empirical component. Historically, this empirical component was derived from testing of scale models and prototypes, either in wind tunnels or in the free atmosphere. More recently, advances in computing have enabled the use of computational fluid dynamics to simulate the behavior of fluid, reducing time and expense spent on wind-tunnel testing. Additionally, aerospace engineering addresses the integration of all components that constitute an aerospace vehicle subsystems including power, communications, thermal control, life support, etc. and its life cycle design, temperature, pressure, radiation, velocity, life time. Aerospace engineering degrees NASA engineers, like the ones depicted in Apollo 13, worked diligently to save the lives of the astronauts on the mission. NASA engineers, like the ones depicted in Apollo 13, worked diligently to save the lives of the astronauts on the mission. See also: List of aerospace engineering schools Globe icon This article or section deals primarily with the United States and does not represent a worldwide view of the subject. Aerospace or aeronautical engineering can be studied at the advanced diploma, bachelor's, master's, and Ph.D. levels in aerospace engineering departments at many universities, and in mechanical engineering departments at others. A few departments offer degrees in space-focused astronautical engineering. The programs of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Rutgers University are two such examples.6 US News and World Report ranks the aerospace engineering programs at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Georgia Institute of Technology, and the University of Michigan within the top three best programs for doctorate granting universities. However, other top programs within the ten best in the United States include those of Stanford University, Texas AM University, the University of Texas at Austin, Purdue University and the University of Illinois.7 The magazine also rates Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, United States Air Force Academy, and Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University in Prescott, AZ as the premier aerospace engineering programs at universities that do not grant doctorate degrees.8 Popular culture The term rocket scientist is at times used to describe a person of higher than average intelligence. Aerospace engineering has also been represented as the more glittery pinnacle of engineering. The movie Apollo 13 depicts the ground team as a group of heroes in a Hollywood fashion glorifying the intelligence and competence of white shirt and tie professionals. This was later extended in more detail in the 1998 HBO miniseries From the Earth to the Moon. See also Wikiversity At Wikiversity you can learn more about Aerospace engineering at: Topic:Aerospace engineering Aerospace List of aerospace engineering topics List of aerospace engineers List of aerospace engineering schools American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Flight test References ^ a b Stanzione, Kaydon Al 1989. Engineering. Encyclopædia Britannica 15 18. 563-563. ^ Career: Aerospace Engineer. Career Profiles. The Princeton Review. Retrieved on 2006-10-08. Due to the complexity of the final product, an intricate and rigid organizational structure for production has to be maintained, severely curtailing any single engineer's ability to understand his role as it relates to the final project. ^ Kermit Van Every 1988. Aeronautical engineering. Encyclopedia Americana 1. Grolier Incorporated. ^ A Brief History of NASA ^ Science: Engineering: Aerospace. Open Site. Retrieved on 2006-10-08. ^ a b Gruntman, Mike September 19, 2007. The Time for Academic Departments in Astronautical Engineering in AIAA SPACE 2007 Conference Exposition. AIAA SPACE 2007 Conference Exposition Agenda, AIAA. ^ USNews.com: America's Best Colleges 2008: Aerospace / Aeronautical / Astronautical ^ USNews.com: America's Best Colleges 2008: Aerospace / Aeronautical / Astronautical v d e Major fields of technology Applied science Artificial intelligence · Ceramic engineering · Computing technology · Electronics · Energy · Energy storage · Engineering physics · Environmental technology · Fisheries science · Materials science and engineering · Microtechnology · Nanotechnology · Nuclear technology · Optics · Zoography Information Communication · Graphics · Music technology · Speech recognition · Visual technology Industry Construction · Financial engineering · Manufacturing · Machinery · Mining · Business informatics Military Ammunition · Bombs · Guns · Military technology and equipment · Naval engineering Domestic Educational technology · Domestic appliances · Domestic technology · Food technology Engineering Aerospace · Agricultural · Architectural · Audio · Automotive · Biological · Biochemical · Biomedical · Broadcast · Ceramic · Chemical · Civil · Computer · Construction · Cryogenic · Electrical · Electronic · Environmental · Food · Industrial · Materials · Mechanical · Mechatronics · Metallurgical · Mining · Naval · Network · Nuclear · Optical · Petroleum · Radio Frequency · Software · Structural · Systems · Technician · Textile · Tissue · Transport Health and safety Biomedical engineering · Bioinformatics · Biotechnology · Cheminformatics · Fire protection engineering · Health technologies · Nutrition · Pharmaceuticals · Safety engineering · Sanitary engineering Transport Aerospace · Aerospace engineering · Automotive engineering · Marine engineering · Motor vehicles · Space technology v d e Academic degrees Associate's degree U.S. · Foundation degree U.K. except Scotland · Bachelor's degree · Master's degree · Diplom · Magister · DEA · MAS · Licentiate · Specialist degree · Engineer's degree · Professional degree · Doctoral degree Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Aerospace_engineering Categories: Aerospace engineering | Engineering disciplinesHidden categories: Articles to be expanded since June 2008 | All articles to be expanded | Articles with limited geographic scope | USA-centric Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages Brezhoneg Català Česky Deutsch Español Ù?ارسی Français í•œêµì–´ हिनà¥?दी Italiano עברית Kreyòl ayisyen LatvieÅ¡u Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Simple English СрпÑ?ки / Srpski ไทย Türkçe This page was last modified on 29 August 2008, at 17:06
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