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22-AUGUST-2008 06:13:22 - Calcium Move protected For other uses, see Calcium disambiguation. 20 potassium â†? calcium → scandium Mg ↑ Ca ↓ Sr Calcium in the periodic table of the elements Periodic table - Extended periodic table General Name, symbol, number calcium, Ca, 20 Chemical series alkaline earth metals Group, period, block 2, 4, s Appearance Dull grey, silver Standard atomic weight 40.0784 g·mol-1 Electron configuration Ar 4s2 Electrons per shell 2, 8, 8, 2 Physical properties Phase solid Density near r.t. 1.55 g·cm-3 Liquid density at m.p. 1.378 g·cm-3 Melting point 1115 K 842 °C, 1548 °F Boiling point 1757 K 1484 °C, 2703 °F Heat of fusion 8.54 kJ·mol-1 Heat of vaporization 154.7 kJ·mol-1 Specific heat capacity 25 °C 25.929 J·mol-1·K-1 Vapor pressure P/Pa 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k at T/K 864 956 1071 1227 1443 1755 Atomic properties Crystal structure face centered cubic Oxidation states 2 strongly basic oxide Electronegativity 1.00 Pauling scale Ionization energies more 1st: 589.8 kJ·mol-1 2nd: 1145.4 kJ·mol-1 3rd: 4912.4 kJ·mol-1 Atomic radius 180 pm Atomic radius calc. 194 pm Covalent radius 174 pm Miscellaneous Magnetic ordering paramagnetic Electrical resistivity 20 °C 33.6 nΩ·m Thermal conductivity 300 K 201 W·m-1·K-1 Thermal expansion 25 °C 22.3 µm·m-1·K-1 Speed of sound thin rod 20 °C 3810 m/s Young's modulus 20 GPa Shear modulus 7.4 GPa Bulk modulus 17 GPa Poisson ratio 0.31 Mohs hardness 1.75 Brinell hardness 167 MPa CAS registry number 7440-70-2 Selected isotopes Main article: Isotopes of calcium iso NA half-life DM DE MeV DP 40Ca 96.941% 40Ca is stable with 20 neutrons 41Ca syn 1.03×105 y ε - 41K 42Ca 0.647% 42Ca is stable with 22 neutrons 43Ca 0.135% 43Ca is stable with 23 neutrons 44Ca 2.086% 44Ca is stable with 24 neutrons 45Ca syn 162.7 d β- 0.258 45Sc 46Ca 0.004% 2.8×1015 y β-β- ? 46Ti 47Ca syn 4.536 d β- 0.694, 1.99 47Sc γ 1.297 - 48Ca 0.187% 4×1019 y β-β- ? 48Ti References This box: view talk Calcium pronounced /ˈkælsiÉ™m/ is the chemical element with the symbol Ca and atomic number 20. It has an atomic mass of 40.078. Calcium is a soft grey alkaline earth metal, and is the fifth most abundant element by mass in the Earth's crust. Calcium is also the fifth most abundant dissolved ion in seawater by both molarity and mass, after sodium, chloride, magnesium, and sulfate.1 Calcium is essential for living organisms, particularly in cell physiology, where movement of the calcium ion Ca2+ into and out of the cytoplasm functions as a signal for many cellular processes. As a major material used in mineralization of bones and shells, calcium is the most abundant metal by mass in many animals. Contents 1 Notable characteristics 2 Occurrence 3 Applications 3.1 Calcium compounds 3.2 H and K lines 4 History 5 Compounds 6 Isotopes 7 Nutrition 7.1 Dietary calcium supplements 7.2 Prevention of fractures due to osteoporosis 7.3 Prevention of cancer? 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links Notable characteristics Chemically calcium is reactive and soft for a metal though harder than lead, it can be cut with a knife with difficulty. It is a silvery metallic element that must be extracted by electrolysis from a fused salt like calcium chloride.2 Once produced, it rapidly forms a grey-white oxide and nitride coating when exposed to air. It is somewhat difficult to ignite, unlike magnesium, but when lit, the metal burns in air with a brilliant high-intensity red light. Calcium metal reacts with water, evolving hydrogen gas at a rate rapid enough to be noticeable, but not fast enough at room temperature to generate much heat. In powdered form, however, the reaction with water is extremely rapid, as the increased surface area of the powder accelerates the reaction with the water. Part of the slowness of the calcium-water reaction results from the metal being partly protected by insoluble white calcium hydroxide. In water solutions of acids where the salt is water soluble, calcium reacts vigorously. Calcium, though it has a higher resistivity than copper or aluminium, weight for weight, allowing for its much lower density calcium is a rather better conductor than either. However, its use in terrestrial applications is usually limited by its high reactivity with air. In vacuum use, calcium tends to sublime unless plated. Calcium salts are colorless from any contribution of the calcium, and ionic solutions of calcium Ca2+ are colorless as well. Many calcium salts are not soluble in water. When in solution, the calcium ion to the human taste varies remarkably, being reported as mildly salty, sour, mineral like or even soothing. It is apparent that many animals can taste, or develop a taste, for calcium, and use this sense to detect the mineral in salt licks or other sources.3 In human nutrition, soluble calcium salts may be added to tart juices without much effect to the average palate. Calcium is the fifth most abundant element by mass in the human body, where it is a common cellular ionic messenger with many functions, and serves also as a structural element in bone. It is the relatively high atomic-numbered calcium in the skeleton which causes bone to be radio-opaque. Of the human body's solid components after drying as for example, after cremation, about a third of the total mass is the approximately one kilogram of calcium which composes the average skeleton the remainder being mostly phosphorus and oxygen. Occurrence Calcium is not naturally found in its elemental state. Calcium occurs most commonly in sedimentary rocks in the minerals calcite, dolomite and gypsum. It also occurs in igneous and metamorphic rocks chiefly in the silicate minerals: plagioclase, amphiboles, pyroxenes and garnets. See also Calcium minerals. Applications Some uses are: as a reducing agent in the extraction of other metals, such as uranium, zirconium, and thorium. as a deoxidizer, desulfurizer, or decarbonizer for various ferrous and nonferrous alloys. as an alloying agent used in the production of aluminium, beryllium, copper, lead, and magnesium alloys. in the making of cements and mortars to be used in construction. in the making of cheese, where calcium ions influence the activity of rennin in bringing about the coagulation of milk. Calcium compounds Calcium carbonate CaCO3 used in manufacturing cement and mortar, lime, limestone usually used in the steel industry; aids in production in the glass industry, also has chemical and optical uses as mineral specimens in toothpastes for example. Calcium hydroxide solution CaOH2 also known as limewater is used to detect the presence of carbon dioxide by being bubbled through a solution. It turns cloudy where CO2 is present. Calcium arsenate Ca3AsO42 is used in insecticides. Calcium carbide CaC2 is used: to make acetylene gas for use in acetylene torches for welding and in the manufacturing of plastics. Calcium chloride CaCl2 is used: in ice removal and dust control on dirt roads, in conditioner for concrete, as an additive in canned tomatoes, and to provide body for automobile tires. Calcium cyclamate CaC6H11NHSO32 was used as a sweetening agent but is no longer permitted for use because of suspected cancer-causing properties. Calcium gluconate CaC6H11O72 is used as a food additive and in vitamin pills. Calcium hypochlorite CaOCl2 is used: as a swimming pool disinfectant, as a bleaching agent, as an ingredient in deodorant, and in algaecide and fungicide. Calcium permanganate CaMnO42 is used in liquid rocket propellant, textile production, as a water sterilizing agent and in dental procedures. Calcium phosphate Ca3PO42 is used as a supplement for animal feed, fertilizer, in commercial production for dough and yeast products, in the manufacture of glass, and in dental products. Calcium phosphide Ca3P2 is used in fireworks, rodenticide, torpedoes and flares. Calcium stearate CaC18H35O22 is used in the manufacture of wax crayons, cements, certain kinds of plastics and cosmetics, as a food additive, in the production of water resistant materials and in the production of paints. Calcium sulfate CaSO4·2H2O is used as common blackboard chalk, as well as, in its hemihydrate form being more well known as Plaster of Paris. Calcium tungstate CaWO4 is used in luminous paints, fluorescent lights and in X-ray studies. H and K lines In the visible portion of the spectrum of many stars, including the Sun, show strong absorption lines of singly-ionized calcium. Prominent among these are the H-line at 3968.5 Ã… and the K line at 3933.7 Ã… of singly-ionized calcium, or Ca II. For the Sun and stars with low temperatures, the prominence of the H and K lines can be an indication of strong magnetic activity in the chromosphere. Measurement of periodic variations of these active regions can also be used to deduce the rotation periods of these stars.4 History Calcium Latin calx, meaning limestone was known as early as the first century when the Ancient Romans prepared lime as calcium oxide. It was not isolated until 1808 in England when Sir Humphry Davy electrolyzed a mixture of lime and mercuric oxide. Davy was trying to isolate calcium; when he heard that Swedish chemist Jöns Jakob Berzelius and Pontin prepared calcium amalgam by electrolyzing lime in mercury, he tried it himself. He worked with electrolysis throughout his life and also discovered/isolated sodium, potassium, magnesium, boron and barium. Compounds Calcium, combined with phosphate to form hydroxylapatite, is the mineral portion of human and animal bones and teeth. The mineral portion of some corals can also be transformed into hydroxylapatite. Calcium oxide lime is used in many chemical refinery processes and is made by heating and carefully adding water to limestone. When lime is mixed with sand, it hardens into a mortar and is turned into plaster by carbon dioxide uptake. Mixed with other compounds, lime forms an important part of Portland cement. Calcium carbonate CaCO3 is one of the common compounds of calcium. It is heated to form quicklime CaO, which is then added to water H2O. This forms another material known as slaked lime CaOH2, which is an inexpensive base material used throughout the chemical industry. Chalk, marble, and limestone are all forms of calcium carbonate. When water percolates through limestone or other soluble carbonate rocks, it partially dissolves part of the rock and causes cave formation and characteristic stalactites and stalagmites and also forms hard water. Other important calcium compounds are calcium nitrate, calcium sulfide, calcium chloride, calcium carbide, calcium cyanamide and calcium hypochlorite. Isotopes Main article: Isotopes of calcium Calcium has four stable isotopes 40Ca and 42Ca through 44Ca, plus two more isotopes 46Ca and 48Ca that have such long half-lives that for all practical purposes they can be considered stable. It also has a cosmogenic isotope, radioactive 41Ca, which has a half-life of 103,000 years. Unlike cosmogenic isotopes that are produced in the atmosphere, 41Ca is produced by neutron activation of 40Ca. Most of its production is in the upper metre or so of the soil column, where the cosmogenic neutron flux is still sufficiently strong. 41Ca has received much attention in stellar studies because it decays to 41K, a critical indicator of solar-system anomalies. 97% of naturally occurring calcium is in the form of 40Ca. 40Ca is one of the daughter products of 40K decay, along with 40Ar. While K-Ar dating has been used extensively in the geological sciences, the prevalence of 40Ca in nature has impeded its use in dating. Techniques using mass spectrometry and a double spike isotope dilution have been used for K-Ca age dating. The most abundant isotope, 40Ca, has a nucleus of 20 protons and 20 neutrons. This is the heaviest stable isotope of any element which has equal numbers of protons and neutrons. In supernova explosions, calcium is formed from the reaction of carbon with various numbers of alpha particles helium nuclei, until the most common calcium isotope containing 10 helium nuclei has been synthesized.citation needed Nutrition Main articles: calcium in biology and calcium metabolism Recommended Adequate Intake by the IOM for Calcium:5 Age Calcium mg/day 0-6 months 210 7-12 months 270 1-3 years 500 4-8 years 800 9-18 years 1300 19-50 years 1000 51+ years 1200 Calcium is an important component of a healthy diet. Calcium is essential for the normal growth and maintenance of bones and teeth, and calcium requirements must be met throughout life. Long-term calcium deficiency can lead to rickets and poor blood clotting and in case of a menopausal woman, it can lead to osteoporosis, in which the bone deteriorates and there is an increased risk of fractures. While a lifelong deficit can affect bone and tooth formation, over-retention can cause hypercalcemia elevated levels of calcium in the blood, impaired kidney function and decreased absorption of other minerals.6 High calcium intakes or high calcium absorption were previously thought to contribute to the development of kidney stones. However, more recent studies show that high dietary calcium intakes actually decrease the risk for kidney stones.7 Vitamin D is needed to absorb calcium. Dairy products, such as milk and cheese, are a well-known source of calcium. However, some individuals are allergic to dairy products and even more people, particularly those of non Indo-European descent, are lactose-intolerant, leaving them unable to consume non-fermented dairy products in quantities larger than about half a liter per serving. Others, such as vegans, avoid dairy products for ethical and health reasons. Fortunately, many good sources of calcium exist. These include seaweeds such as kelp, wakame and hijiki; nuts and seeds like almonds and sesame; blackstrap molasses; beans; oranges; figs; quinoa; amaranth; collard greens; okra; rutabaga; broccoli; dandelion leaves; kale; and fortified products such as orange juice and soy milk. However, calcium fortified orange juice often contains vitamin D3 derived from lanolin, and is thus unacceptable for vegans.8 An overlooked source of calcium is eggshell, which can be ground into a powder and mixed into food or a glass of water.91011 Cultivated vegetables generally have less calcium than wild plants.12 The calcium content of most foods can be found in the USDA National Nutrient Database.13 Dietary calcium supplements 500 milligram calcium supplements made from calcium carbonate 500 milligram calcium supplements made from calcium carbonate Calcium supplements are used to prevent and to treat calcium deficiencies. Most experts recommend that supplements be taken with food and that no more than 600 mg should be taken at a time because the percent of calcium absorbed decreases as the amount of calcium in the supplement increases.5 It is recommended to spread doses throughout the day. Recommended daily calcium intake for adults ranges from 1000 to 1500 mg. It is recommended to take supplements with food to aid in absorption. Vitamin D is added to some calcium supplements. Vitamin D is not necessary, but it might be beneficial if the person has low vitamin D status. Proper vitamin D status is important because vitamin D is converted to a hormone in the body which then induces the synthesis of intestinal proteins responsible for calcium absorption.14 The absorption of calcium from most food and commonly-used dietary supplements is very similar.15 This is contrary to what many calcium supplement manufacturers claim in their promotional materials. Milk is an excellent source of dietary calcium because it has a high concentration of calcium and the calcium in milk is excellently absorbed.16 Calcium carbonate is the most common and least expensive calcium supplement. It should be taken with food. The absorption of calcium from calcium carbonate is similar to the absorption of calcium from milk.17 While most people digest calcium carbonate very well, some might develop gastrointestinal discomfort or gas. Taking magnesium with it can help to avoid constipation. Calcium carbonate is 40% elemental calcium. 1000 mg will provide 400 mg of calcium. However, supplement labels will usually indicate how much calcium is present in each serving, not how much calcium carbonate is present. Antacids, such as Tums, frequently contain calcium carbonate, and are a very commonly-used, inexpensive calcium supplement. Coral Calcium is a salt of calcium derived from fossilized coral reefs. Coral calcium is composed of calcium carbonate and trace minerals. Calcium citrate can be taken without food and is the supplement of choice for individuals with achlorhydria or who are taking histamine-2 blockers or proton-pump inhibitors.18 It is more easily digested and absorbed than calcium carbonate if taken on empty stomach and less likely to cause constipation and gas than calcium carbonate. It also has a lower risk of contributing to the formation of kidney stones. Calcium citrate is about 21% elemental calcium. 1000 mg will provide 210 mg of calcium. It is more expensive than calcium carbonate and more of it must be taken to get the same amount of calcium. Calcium phosphate costs more than calcium carbonate, but less than calcium citrate. It is easily absorbed and is less likely to cause constipation and gas than either. Calcium lactate has similar absorption as calcium carbonate19, but is more expensive. Calcium lactate and calcium gluconate are less concentrated forms of calcium and are not practical oral supplements.18 Calcium chelates are synthetic calcium compunds, with calcium bound to an organic molecule, such as malate, aspartate, or fumarate. These forms of calcium may be better absorbed on an empty stomach. However, in general they are absorbed similarly to calcium carbonate and other common calcium supplements when taken with food.20 The 'chelate' mimics the action that natural food performs by keeping the calcium soluble in the intestine. Thus, on an empty stomach, in some individuals, chelates might theoretically be absorbed better. Microcrystalline hydroxyapatite MH is marketed as a calcium supplement, and has in some randomized trials been found to be more effective than calcium carbonate. Orange juice with calcium added is a good dietary source for persons who have lactose intolerance. The National Nutritional Food Association - NNFA Newport Beach, Calif. defines a chelate very specifically, and several criteria must be met in order for chelation to actually occur. Some of the claimed chelates on the market are the various Krebs Citric Acid Cycle chelates, such as citrate, malate, and aspartate. Dicalcium malate chelated with malic acid is a newer form of a true calcium chelate. It contains a high amount of elemental calcium 30%. In July 2006, a report citing research from Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center in Seattle, Washington claimed that women in their 50s gained 5 pounds less in a period of 10 years by taking more than 500 mg of calcium supplements than those who did not. However, the doctor in charge of the study, Dr. Alejandro J. Gonzalez also noted it would be going out on a limb to suggest calcium supplements as a weight-limiting aid.21 Prevention of fractures due to osteoporosis Such studies often do not test calcium alone, but rather combinations of calcium and vitamin D. Randomized controlled trials found both positive2223 and negative24252627 effects. The different results may be explained by doses of calcium and underlying rates of calcium supplementation in the control groups.28 However, it is clear that increasing the intake of calcium promotes deposition of calcium in the bones, where it is of more benefit in preventing the compression fractures resulting from the osteoporotic thinning of the dendritic web of the bodies of the vertebrae, than it is at preventing the more serious cortical bone fractures which happen at hip and wrist. Prevention of cancer? A meta-analysis23 by the international Cochrane Collaboration of two randomized controlled trials2930found that calcium might contribute to a moderate degree to the prevention of adenomatous colonic polyps. More recent studies were conflicting, and one which was positive for effect Lappe, et al. did control for a possible anti-carcinogenic effect of vitamin D, which was found to be an independent positive influence from calcium-alone on cancer risk see second study below 31. A randomized controlled trial found that 1000 mg of elemental calcium and 400 IU of vitamin D3 had no effect on colorectal cancer32 A randomized controlled trial found that 1400-1500 mg supplemental calcium and 1100 IU vitamin D3 reduced aggregated cancers with a relative risk of 0.402.33 An observational cohort study found that high calcium and vitamin D intake was associated with lower risk of developing premenopausal breast cancer.34 See also Calcium metabolism Calcium in biology Calcium compounds Disorders of calcium metabolism Notes ^ chapter5 ^ Pauling, Linus General Chemistry p. 627, 1970 ed. Dover Publications ^ Calcium: Taste, Intake, and Appetite - Tordoff 81 4: 1567 - Physiological Reviews ^ Staff 1995. H-K Project. Mount Wilson Observatory. Retrieved on 2006-08-10. ^ a b Dietary Supplement Fact Sheet: Calcium ^ Standing Committee on the Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes, Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine. Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Vitamin D and fluoride. Washington DC: The National Academies Press, 1997 ^ Curhan G, Willett WC, Rimm E, Stampher MJ. A prospective study of dietary calcium and other nutrients and the risk of symptomatic kidney stones. N Engl J Med 1993;328:833-8 ^ Sources of vitamin D in orange juice. ^ Anne Schaafsma, Gerard M Beelen 1999. Eggshell powder, a comparable or better source of calcium than purified calcium carbonate: piglet studies abstract. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 79 12: 1596-1600. doi:10.1002/SICI1097-001019990979:121596::AID-JSFA4063.0.CO;2-A. ^ Schaafsma A, van Doormaal JJ, Muskiet FA, Hofstede GJ, Pakan I, van der Veer E March 2002. Positive effects of a chicken eggshell powder-enriched vitamin-mineral supplement on femoral neck bone mineral density in healthy late post-menopausal Dutch women. Br. J. Nutr. 87 3: 267-75. doi:10.1079/BJNBJN2001515. PMID 12064336. ^ Rovenský J, StancÃková M, Masaryk P, SvÃk K, Istok R 2003. Eggshell calcium in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. Int J Clin Pharmacol Res 23 2-3: 83-92. PMID 15018022. ^ Original Wild Foods vs. Available Foods Today for Instinctos ^ USDA National Nutrient Database ^ Combs, G: The Vitamins, page 161. Academic Press, 2008 ^ Weaver, CM: Calcium in Present Knowledge in Nutrition, 9th Ed., Vol I, page 377. ILSI Press, 2006. ^ Weaver, CM: Calcium in Present Knowledge in Nutrition, 9th Ed., Vol I, page 377. ILSI Press, 2006 ^ Zhao, Y. et al: Calcium bioavailability of calcium carbonate fortified soy milk is equivalent to cow's milk in young women, J. Nutr., 13510:2379 ^ a b Straub, DA: Calcium supplementation in clinical practice: a review of forms, doses, and indications, Nutr. Clin. Pract., 223:286, 2007. ^ Martin, BR: Calcium absorption from three salts and CaSo4- fortified bread in premenopausal women, J. Agric. Food Chem., 50:3874, 2002. ^ Weaver, CM, et al: Absorption of calcium fumarate salts is equivalent to other calcium salts when measured in the rat model., J. Agric. Food Chem., 5017:4974, 2002 ^ Anne Harding. Calcium May Help With Weight Loss. Retrieved on 2007-07-10. ^ Dawson-Hughes B, Harris SS, Krall EA, Dallal GE 1997. Effect of calcium and vitamin D supplementation on bone density in men and women 65 years of age or older. N. Engl. J. Med. 337 10: 670-6. PMID 9278463. ^ a b Weingarten MA, Zalmanovici A, Yaphe J 2005. Dietary calcium supplementation for preventing colorectal cancer and adenomatous polyps. Cochrane database of systematic reviews Online 3: CD003548. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003548.pub3. PMID 16034903. ^ Jackson RD, LaCroix AZ, Gass M, et al 2006. Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and the risk of fractures. N. Engl. J. Med. 354 7: 669-83. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa055218. PMID 16481635. ^ Grant AM, Avenell A, Campbell MK, et al 2005. Oral vitamin D3 and calcium for secondary prevention of low-trauma fractures in elderly people Randomised Evaluation of Calcium Or vitamin D, RECORD: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 365 9471: 1621-8. doi:10.1016/S0140-67360563013-9. PMID 15885294. ^ Porthouse J, Cockayne S, King C, et al 2005. Randomised controlled trial of calcium and supplementation with cholecalciferol vitamin D3 for prevention of fractures in primary care. BMJ 330 7498: 1003. doi:10.1136/bmj.330.7498.1003. PMID 15860827. ^ Prince RL, Devine A, Dhaliwal SS, Dick IM 2006. Effects of calcium supplementation on clinical fracture and bone structure: results of a 5-year, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in elderly women. Arch. Intern. Med. 166 8: 869-75. doi:10.1001/archinte.166.8.869. PMID 16636212. ^ Fletcher RH 2006. Calcium plus vitamin D did not prevent hip fracture or colorectal cancer in postmenopausal women subscription required. ACP J. Club 145 1: 4-5. PMID 16813354. ^ Baron JA, Beach M, Mandel JS, et al 1999. Calcium supplements for the prevention of colorectal adenomas. Calcium Polyp Prevention Study Group. N. Engl. J. Med. 340 2: 101-7. PMID 9887161. ^ Bonithon-Kopp C, Kronborg O, Giacosa A, Räth U, Faivre J 2000. Calcium and fibre supplementation in prevention of colorectal adenoma recurrence: a randomised intervention trial. European Cancer Prevention Organisation Study Group. Lancet 356 9238: 1300-6. PMID 11073017. ^ for abstract see PMID 17556697 ^ Wactawski-Wende J, Kotchen JM, Anderson GL, et al 2006. Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and the risk of colorectal cancer. N. Engl. J. Med. 354 7: 684-96. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa055222. PMID 16481636. ^ Lappe JM, Travers-Gustafson D, Davies KM, Recker RR, Heaney RP 2007. Vitamin D and calcium supplementation reduces cancer risk: results of a randomized trial. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 85 6: 1586-91. PMID 17556697. ^ Lin J, Manson JE, Lee IM, Cook NR, Buring JE, Zhang SM 2007. Intakes of calcium and vitamin d and breast cancer risk in women. Arch. Intern. Med. 167 10: 1050-9. doi:10.1001/archinte.167.10.1050. PMID 17533208. References Rebecca J. Donatelle. Health, The Basics. 6th ed. San Francisco: Pearson Education, Inc. 2005. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Calcium Look up calcium in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. WebElements.com - Calcium USDA National Nutrient Database, Calcium content of selected foods v d e Periodic table H He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe Cs Ba La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn Fr Ra Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Uub Uut Uuq Uup Uuh Uus Uuo Alkali metals Alkaline earth metals Lanthanoids Actinoids Transition metals Other metals Metalloids Other nonmetals Halogens Noble gases Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Calcium Categories: Alkaline earth metals | Calcium | Chemical elements | Dietary minerals | Dietary supplementsHidden categories: Move protected | All articles with statements | Articles with statements since April 2008 Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages Afrikaans العربية Asturianu বাংলা Bân-lâm-gú Bosanski БългарÑ?ки Català Česky Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara Ù?ارسی Français Furlan Gaelg Galego í•œêµì–´ Õ€Õ¡ÕµÕ¥Ö€Õ¥Õ¶ हिनà¥?दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Ã?slenska Italiano עברית Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî / كوردی Latina LatvieÅ¡u Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Lojban Magyar МакедонÑ?ки മലയാളം MÄ?ori Bahasa Melayu NÄ?huatl Nederlands 日本語 ‪Norsk bokmÃ¥l‬ ‪Norsk nynorsk‬ Occitan O'zbek Plattdüütsch ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Runa Simi РуÑ?Ñ?кий Shqip Sicilianu Simple English SlovenÄ?ina SlovenÅ¡Ä?ina СрпÑ?ки / Srpski Srpskohrvatski / СрпÑ?кохрватÑ?ки Seeltersk Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska தமிழà¯? తెలà±?à°—à±? ไทย Tiếng Việt Тоҷикӣ Türkçe УкраїнÑ?ька 粵語 ä¸æ–‡ ಕನà³?ನಡ This page was last modified on 22 August 2008, at 01:25. of the GNU Free Documentation License. ® , Inc., a U.S.
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