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20-September-2008 09:55:52 - Agglutination biology Agglutination is the clumping of particles. The word agglutination comes from the Latin agglutinare, to glue to. This occurs in biology in three main examples: 1. The clumping of cells such as bacteria or red blood cells in the presence of an antibody. The antibody or other molecule binds multiple particles and joins them, creating a large complex. 2. The coalescing of small particles that are suspended in solution; these larger masses are then usually precipitated. 3. An allergic reaction type occurrence where cells become more compacted together to prevent foreign materials entering them. This is usually the result of an antigen in the vicinity of the cells. Contents 1 Agglutination in hematology 1.1 Hemagglutination 1.2 Coombs test 1.3 Cross-matching 1.4 Leukoagglutination 2 Agglutination in microbiology 3 History of discoveries 4 See also Agglutination in hematology Hemagglutination The 'bedside card' method of blood typing, in this case using a Serafol card. The result is blood group A positive. The 'bedside card' method of blood typing, in this case using a Serafol card. The result is blood group A positive. Main article: Hemagglutination Hemagglutination is a more specific form of agglutination that involves red blood cells RBCs and can be used to identify RBC surface antigens with known antibodies or to screen for antibodies with RBCs with known surface antigens. Using anti-A and anti-B antibodies that bind specifically to either the A or to the B blood group surface antigens on RBCs it is possible to test a small sample of blood and determine the ABO blood group or blood type of an individual. The bedside card method of blood grouping relies on visual agglutination to determine an individual's blood group. The card has dried blood group antibody reagents fixed onto its surface and a drop of the individuals blood is placed on each area on the card. The presence or absence of visual agglutination enables a quick convenient method of determining the ABO and Rhesus status of the individual. Coombs test Main article: Coombs test Agglutination of red blood cells is used in the Coombs test. Cross-matching Main article: cross-matching In cross-matching, agglutination occurring when donor and recipient's blood are incubated together indicates that the donor blood is incompatible for that particular recipient. Leukoagglutination Leukoagglutination is when the particles involved are white blood cells. Agglutination in microbiology Agglutination is commonly used as a method of identifying specific bacterial antigens, and in turn, the identity of such bacteria. Because the clumping reaction occurs quickly and is easy to produce, agglutination is an important technique in diagnosis. History of discoveries Two bacteriologists, Herbert Edward Durham -1945 and Max von Gruber 1853-1927, discovered specific agglutination in 1896. The clumping became known as Gruber-Durham reaction. Gruber introduced the term agglutinin from the Latin for any substance that caused agglutination of cells. French physician Fernand Widal 1862-1929 put Gruber and Durham's discovery to practical use later in 1896, using the reaction as the basis for a test for typhoid fever. Widal found that blood serum from a typhoid carrier caused a culture of typhoid bacteria to clump, whereas serum from a typhoid-free person did not. This Widal test was the first example of serum diagnosis. Austrian physician Karl Landsteiner found another important practical application of the agglutination reaction in 1900. Landsteiner's agglutination tests and his discovery of ABO blood groups was the start of the science of blood transfusion and serology which had made transfusion possible and safe. See also Macrophage Immune System Blocking antibody‎ v d e Immunologic techniques and tests - serology/diagnostic immunology Immunoprecipitation Chromatin immunoprecipitation - Immunodiffusion Ouchterlony double immuno diffusion, Radial immunodiffusion, Immunoelectrophoresis, Counterimmunoelectrophoresis Immunoassay ELISA - Enzyme Multiplied Immunoassay Technique - RAST test - Radioimmunoassay - Immunofluorescence Agglutination Hemagglutination Coombs test - Latex fixation test Other Nephelometry - Complement fixation test - Immunohistochemistry - Epitope mapping Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Agglutination_biology Categories: Immunology | Hematology Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages БългарÑ?ки Deutsch Français Galego Bahasa Indonesia Nederlands Polski Português Suomi Türkçe УкраїнÑ?ька This page was last modified on 3 August 2008, at 08:05
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