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20-September-2008 09:55:57 - Ampakine AMPA AMPA Ampakines are a new class of compounds known to enhance attention span and alertness, and facilitate learning and memory. The ampakines take their name from the glutamatergic AMPA receptor with which they strongly interact. The AMPA receptor, in turn, gets its name from AMPA, which selectively binds to it. Ampakines have been investigated by DARPA for potential use in increasing military effectiveness.1 Contents 1 Effects 2 Examples and structure 2.1 Racetam family 2.2 Cortex Pharmaceuticals 2.3 Eli Lilly/other 3 Mechanism 4 Side effects 5 Uses 6 References 7 See also 8 External links Effects Unlike earlier stimulants e.g. caffeine, methylphenidate Ritalin, and the amphetamines, ampakines do not seem to have unpleasant, long-lasting side effects such as sleeplessness. They are currently being investigated as potential treatment for a range of conditions involving mental disability such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, schizophrenia or neurological disorders as Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ADHD, among others. In a 2006 study they were shown to have an effect after they had left the body, continuing to enhance learning and memory. Ampakine activity has been established as one of the modes of action of the well established class of nootropics, the racetam drugs such as piracetam, aniracetam, oxiracetam and pramiracetam, however these drugs have multiple modes of action and produce only weak AMPA receptor activation, and it is unclear how significant their ampakine actions are in producing their nootropic effects. More recently developed ampakine compounds are much more potent and selective for the AMPA receptor target, and while none of the newer selective ampakine compounds have yet come onto the market, one compound CX-717 is currently in Phase II clinical trials as of 2008. Examples and structure Four structural classes of ampakine drugs have been developed so far:2 the pyrrolidine derivative racetam drugs such as piracetam and aniracetam the CX- series of drugs which encompass a range of benzoylpiperidine and benzoylpyrrolidine structures benzothiazide derivatives such as cyclothiazide and IDRA-21 biarylpropylsulfonamides such as LY-392,098, LY-404,187, LY-451,646 and LY-503,430 Racetam family The parent compound in which the AMPA modulating activity was first characterised was the well known nootropic drug aniracetam. Several drugs in the racetam family have been reported as producing ampakine effects, but while this has been well established for some compounds such as aniracetam and pramiracetam, it is unclear if all of the racetam family act in this way, as the racetam drugs appear to have multiple modes of action. Cortex Pharmaceuticals Cortex Pharmaceutical AMPAkines CX-546, CX-516, and CX-614 Cortex Pharmaceutical AMPAkines CX-546, CX-516, and CX-614 Since the discovery of the ampakine mode of action as one of the means by which the racetams produce their nootropic effects, a wide range of more selective ampakine drugs have been developed by Cortex Pharmaceuticals, who hold patents covering most medical uses of this class of drugs. The best known compounds that have come out of the Cortex drug development program are CX-516 Ampalex, CX-546, CX-614, CX-691 Farampator and CX-717. Several other compounds such as CX-701, CX-1739, CX-1763 and CX-1837 have also been announced as being under current investigation, and while little information has yet been released about them, CX-1739 is believed to be the most potent compound in this class to date, reportedly some 5x the potency of CX-717. Eli Lilly/other Other compounds producing the ampakine activity profile such as IDRA-21 and Eli Lilly's LY-503,430 have been developed by other pharmaceutical companies, but these are only used in animal research at present, and Cortex is the only company currently developing selective ampakine drugs for human use, in partnership with the larger pharmaceutical company Schering-Plough. Mechanism Their action is theorized to be due to facilitation of transmission at cortical synapses that use glutamate as neurotransmitter.3 This in turn may promote plasticity at the synapse, which could translate into better cognitive performance.citation needed Ampakines work by allosterically binding to particular receptors in the brain, called AMPA-type glutamate receptors. This boosts the activity of glutamate, a neurotransmitter, and makes it easier to encode memory and to learn. In addition, some members of the Ampakine family of drugs may also increase levels of trophic factors such as Brain-derived neurotrophic factor BDNF. Side effects Few side effects have been determined, but an ampakine called farampator CX-691 has side effects including headache, somnolence, nausea, and impaired episodic memory. 4 Uses It has been proposed as a treatment for Rett syndrome, after favorable testing in an animal model.5 References ^ The U.S. military's sleep-reduction program. - By William Saletan - Slate Magazine. Retrieved on 2008-07-18. ^ O'Neill MJ, Bleakman D, Zimmerman DM, Nisenbaum ES June 2004. AMPA receptor potentiators for the treatment of CNS disorders. Curr Drug Targets CNS Neurol Disord 3 3: 181-94. PMID 15180479. ^ Wezenberg E, Verkes RJ, Ruigt GS, Hulstijn W, Sabbe BG June 2007. Acute effects of the ampakine farampator on memory and information processing in healthy elderly volunteers. Neuropsychopharmacology 32 6: 1272-83. doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1301257. PMID 17119538. ^ Acute effects of the ampakine farampator on memory and information processing in healthy elderly volunteers ^ Ogier M, Wang H, Hong E, Wang Q, Greenberg ME, Katz DM October 2007. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression and respiratory function improve after ampakine treatment in a mouse model of Rett syndrome. J. Neurosci. 27 40: 10912-7. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1869-07.2007. PMID 17913925. Staubli U, Rogers G, Lynch G. Related Articles, Facilitation of glutamate receptors enhances memory. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1994 Jan 18;912:777-81. PMID 8290599 Staubli U, Perez Y, Xu FB, Rogers G, Ingvar M, Stone-Elander S, Lynch G. Centrally active modulators of glutamate receptors facilitate the induction of long-term potentiation in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1994 Nov 8;9123:11158-62. PMID 7972026 Arai A, Lynch G. 1992. Factors regulating the magnitude of long-term potention induced by theta pattern stimulation. Brain Res 598:173-184. PMID 1486479 Arai A, Silberg J, Kessler M, Lynch G. 1995. Effect of thiocyanate on AMPA receptor mediated responses in excised patches and hippocampal slices. Neuroscience 66:815-827. PMID 7544449 Suppiramaniam V, Bahr BA, Sinnarajah S, Owens K, Rogers G, Yilma S, Vodyanoy V. 2001. Member of the Ampakine class of memory enhancers prolongs the single channel open time of reconstituted AMPA receptors. Synapse. 402:154-8. PMID 11252027 Porrino LJ, Daunais JB, Rogers GA, Hampson RE, Deadwyler SA 2005 Facilitation of task performance and removal of the effects of sleep deprivation by an ampakine CX717 in nonhuman primates. PLoS Biol 39: e299. PMID 16104830 Bast T, da Silva BM, Morris RG. Distinct contributions of hippocampal NMDA and AMPA receptors to encoding and retrieval of one-trial place memory. J Neurosci. 2005 Jun 22;2525:5845-56. PMID 15976073 See also Nootropic CX-516 Stimulants Memory AMPA receptor Aniracetam External links Ampakine Article Abstracts Recent Article About CX717 Article on Ampakines with reference to Alzheimers US Patent 5,650,409 US Patent 6,030,968 US Patent 6,730,677 US Patent 7,307,073 v d e Psychoanaleptics: psychostimulants, agents used for ADHD and nootropics N06B Centrally acting sympathomimetics Amphetamine - Amphetaminil - Atomoxetine - Dextroamphetamine - Dextromethamphetamine - Fencamfamin - Fenozolone - Fenetylline - Methylphenidate - Mesocarb - Pemoline - Pipradrol - Prolintane Xanthine derivatives Caffeine - Propentofylline Glutamate receptor Racetams Aniracetam - Nefiracetam - Oxiracetam - Phenylpiracetam - Piracetam - Pramiracetam Ampakines CX-516 - CX-546 - CX-614 - CX-691 - CX-717 - IDRA-21 - LY-503,430 - PEPA Eugeroics / Benzhydryl compounds Adrafinil - Armodafinil - Modafinil Histamine H3 receptor antagonists ABT-239 - Ciproxifan Other psychostimulants and nootropics Acetylcarnitine - Citicoline - Cyprodenate - Idebenone - Ispronicline - Deanol - Dimebon - Fipexide - Linopirdine - Meclofenoxate - Nizofenone - Pirisudanol - Pyritinol - Sulbutiamine - Taltirelin - Tricyanoaminopropene - Vinpocetine v d e Receptor agonists, antagonists, and reuptake inhibitors BA/M 5-HT serotonin receptor Serotonin receptor agonist 5-HT4 Serotonin antagonist 5-HT3 Serotonin uptake inhibitor SSRI Dopamine receptor Dopamine agonist Dopamine antagonist Dopamine reuptake inhibitor Adrenergic receptor Adrenergic agonist Alpha, Beta 1/2 Adrenergic antagonist Alpha 1/2, Beta Adrenergic uptake inhibitor Histamine receptor Histamine agonist Histamine antagonist H1, H2, H3 AA GABA receptor GABA agonist GABA antagonist Glutamate receptor NMDA receptor NMDA receptor antagonist AMPA receptor Ampakine Excitatory amino acid agonist Excitatory amino acid antagonist ANS Acetylcholine receptor Cholinergic Muscarinic, Nicotinic Anticholinergic Muscarinic, Nicotinic/Ganglionic blocker/Neuromuscular-blocking drugs Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor Adrenergic receptor SANS only -- see above for details PANS Parasympathomimetic Cholinergic, Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor - Parasympatholytic Anticholinergic, Ganglionic blocker SANS Sympathomimetic Adrenergic agonist, Monoamine oxidase inhibitor - Sympatholytic Adrenergic antagonist, Alpha blocker, Ganglionic blocker v d e Glutamate receptor ligands Ionotropic NMDA Agonists; NMDA Tetrazolylglycine Antagonists; Competitive antagonists; AP7 APV CGP-37849 Midafotel CPPene PEAQX Perzinfotel PPDA Sdz 220-581 Selfotel; Noncompetitive antagonists; Aptiganel Dizocilpine FPL-12495 FR-115,427 Gacyclidine Hodgkinsine HU-211 Indantadol Psychotridine Remacemide; Uncompetitive channel blockers; 2-MDP Amantadine Budipine Delucemine Dexoxadrol Dextromethorphan Dextrorphan Endopsychosin Etoxadrol Eticyclidine Ibogaine Ketamine Memantine Neramexane Nitrous oxide Phencyclidine Rhynchophylline Riluzole Rolicyclidine Tenocyclidine Tiletamine Xenon; Glycine site antagonists; 1-Aminocyclopropanecarboxylic acid ACEA-1021 7-Chlorokynurenate CGP-39653 DCKA Gavestinel GV-150,526 Kynurenic acid L-689,560 ZD-9379; Polyamine site antagonists; Besonprodil CP-101,606 Eliprodil Ifenprodil Ro25-6981 Traxoprodil; Indirect antagonists; Lubeluzole AMPA Agonists; AMPA Domoic acid 5-Fluorowillardiine; Positive allosteric modulators; Aniracetam Cyclothiazide CX-516 CX-546 CX-614 CX-691 CX-717 IDRA-21 LY-392,098 LY-404,187 LY-451,646 LY-503,430 Oxiracetam PEPA Piracetam Pramiracetam Antagonists; ATPO CNQX DNQX NBQX Tezampanel LY-293,558; Negative allosteric modulators; GYKI-53,655 Kainate Agonists; 5-Iodowillardiine ATPA Domoic acid Kainic acid LY-339,434 SYM-2081 Antagonists; CNQX DNQX LY-382,884 NBQX NS102 UBP-302; Negative allosteric modulators; NS-3763 Metabotropic Group I Agonists; Unselective; ACPD Dihydroxyphenylglycine; mGlu1 selective; Ro01-6128; mGlu5 selective; CHPG DFB Antagonists; Unselective; MCPG; mGlu1 selective; BAY 36-7620 CPCCOEt LY-367,385; mGlu5 selective; LY-344,545 MPEP MTEP Group II Agonists; Eglumegad LY-354,740 LY-487,379 Antagonists; EGLU LY-341,495 Group III Agonists; Unselective; AP4; mGlu4 selective; PHCCC; mGlu8 selective; DCPG Antagonists; CPPG UBP-1112 Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Ampakine Categories: AmpakinesHidden categories: All articles with statements | Articles with statements since April 2008 Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages Suomi This page was last modified on 24 July 2008, at 05:4
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