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20-September-2008 09:55:47 - Anthelmintic Anthelmintics or antihelminthics are drugs that expel parasitic worms helminths from the body, by either stunning or killing them. They may also be called vermifuges stunning or vermicides killing. Contents 1 Pharmaceutical classes 2 Natural anthelmintics 3 Anthelmintic resistance 4 Development of resistance 5 References 5.1 Footnotes 5.2 General references 6 External links Pharmaceutical classes Examples of pharmaceuticals used as anthelmintics include: Albendazole - effective against threadworms, roundworms, whipworms, tapeworms, hookworms Diethylcarbamazine - effective against Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi, Brugia timori, tropical pulmonary eosinophilia, loiasis Mebendazole - effective against pinworms, roundworms and hookworms Niclosamide - effective against tapeworms Ivermectin - effective against most common intestinal worms except tapeworms Suramin Thiabendazole - effective against roundworms, hookworms Pyrantel pamoate - effective against most nematode infections Levamisole Piperazine family Praziquantel - effective against nematodes, some trematodes Triclabendazole - effective against liver flukes Octadepsipeptides eg: Emodepside - effective against a variety of gastrointestinal helminths Amino Acetonitrile derivatives eg: Monepantel: effective against a variety of gastrointestinal helminths including those resistant to the other drug classes. Please note that many of these pharameuticals are extremely toxic. Taken in improper dosages they can be dangerous to humans as well as lethal to parasites. Natural anthelmintics Examples of naturally occuring anthelmintics include: Tobacco Nicotiana tabacum Nicotiana rustica1 Black walnut Juglans nigra wormwood Artemisia absynthium clove Syzygium aromaticum tansy tea Tanacetum vulgare Hagenia Hagenia abyssinica kalonji Nigella sativa seeds male fern Dryopteris filix-mas Plumeria P. acutifolia or P. rubra in Brazilian folk medicine.2 Peganum harmala is used as an anthelmintic.3 Please note that many natural vermifuges or anthelmintics are poisonous and, in improper dosages, dangerous to humans as well as parasites. Anthelmintic resistance The ability of worms to survive treatments that are generally effective at the recommended dose rate is considered a major threat to the current future control of worm parasites of small ruminants and horses. The clinical definition of resistance is a 95% or less reduction in a Fecal Egg Count test.clarify Development of resistance Treatment eliminates worms whose genotype renders them susceptible. Worms that are resistant survive and pass on their resistance genes. Resistant worms accumulate and finally treatment failure occurs. References Footnotes ^ The Merck Index, 12th Ed., page 1119: entry 6611 Nicotine, Merck Co. 1996 ^ Arnold, M.D., Harry L. 1968. Poisonous Plants of Hawaii. Tokyo, Japan: Charles E. Tuttle Co., 51. ^ Peganum harmala 2004. Retrieved on 2008-02-02. General references Department of the Army Headquarters 2004. U.S. Army Survival Manual Fm 21-76. Barns Noble Inc. ISBN 0-7607-4988-4. External links MeSH Anthelmintics v d e Major drug groups Gastrointestinal tract/metabolism A stomach acid Antacids, H2 antagonists, Proton pump inhibitors Antiemetics Laxatives Antidiarrhoeals/Antipropulsives Anti-obesity drugs Anti-diabetics Vitamins Dietary minerals Blood and blood forming organs B Antithrombotics Anticoagulants, Antiplatelets, Thrombolytics Antihemorrhagics Cardiovascular system C cardiac therapy/antianginals Cardiac glycosides, Antiarrhythmics, Cardiac stimulant Antihypertensives Diuretics Vasodilators Beta blockers renin-angiotensin system ACE inhibitors, Angiotensin II receptor antagonists, Renin inhibitors Antihyperlipidemics Skin D Emollients Cicatrizant Antipruritics Reproductive system G Hormonal contraception Fertility agents SERMs Sex hormones Endocrine system H Corticosteroids Sex hormones Thyroid hormones Antithyroid agent Infections and infestations J, P Antibiotics Antivirals Vaccines Antifungals Antiparasitic Antiprotozoals, Anthelmintics Malignant and immune disease L Anticancer agents Immunostimulators Immunosuppressants Muscles, bones, and joints M Anabolic steroids Anti-inflammatories NSAID Antirheumatics Corticosteroids Muscle relaxants Brain and nervous system N Anesthetics General, Local Analgesics Anticonvulsants Mood stabilizers Psycholeptic Anxiolytics, Antipsychotics, Hypnotics/Sedatives Psychoanaleptic Antidepressants, Stimulants/Psychostimulants Respiratory system R Bronchodilators Decongestants H1 antagonists Other ATC V Antidotes Contrast media Radiopharmaceuticals Dressing v d e Antiparasitic - Anthelmintics P02 Antitrematodals benzimidazole Triclabendazole - quinoline Praziquantel, Oxamniquine - Metrifonate Antinematodals benzimidazole Mebendazole, Thiabendazole, Albendazole, Fenbendazole - Piperazine - Diethylcarbamazine - Levamisole - Ivermectin Anticestodals Taeniacide Niclosamide Tablets This pharmacology-related article is a stub. Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Anthelmintic Categories: Anthelmintics | Pharmacology stubsHidden category: articles needing clarification Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages Català Česky Deutsch Español Nederlands 日本語 Polski SlovenÄ?ina This page was last modified on 16 August 2008, at 21:11
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